One of the features we wanted in the recent push to release a 0.2Â version of Papers was debugging output uploaded to an S3 bucket for generated documents. One of the major things we want in that debug archive is the logs from the service itself - this means having a second sink for our logs on a per-document-generation basis, ideally with a higher log level. Fortunately, this is possible in a boilerplate-free way with slog 2.0, since loggers are now also sinks.
So we decided to update to slog 2 and rework our logs configuration, which is just a few lines anyway. There is even a nice high level wrapper around slog called sloggers for logging out to files or the terminal with nice colors.
It went very smoothly and the result was impeccable, but one does not simply containerize an app that logs to the terminal: in our test deployment, the service was running but there was absolutely no terminal output.
After checking that yes, release binaries do log in the same docker image locally, and investigating several suspects, including fluentd and slog behaving differently in release builds (this is documented behaviour), I resorted to one of my favourite debugging tools: strace.
strace <your program> runs your program and prints whatever system calls it makes to the terminal, allowing you to inspect all IO operations. For Papers, you will get something like that (excerpt):
open("/usr/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\340\5\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1985472, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6ca3d000
mmap(NULL, 3823824, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f5f6b57b000
mprotect(0x7f5f6b718000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f5f6b917000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x19c000) = 0x7f5f6b917000
mmap(0x7f5f6b91d000, 14544, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6b91d000
close(3) = 0
open("/usr/lib/libm.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0`]\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=1120216, ...}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 3215384, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7f5f6b269000
mprotect(0x7f5f6b37a000, 2093056, PROT_NONE) = 0
mmap(0x7f5f6b579000, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x110000) = 0x7f5f6b579000
close(3) = 0
mmap(NULL, 12288, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6ca3a000
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7f5f6ca3a8c0) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6b917000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6b579000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6bb36000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6bd50000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6bf5c000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6c160000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6c5b7000, 122880, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6c842000, 20480, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x55873cd6f000, 1167360, PROT_READ) = 0
mprotect(0x7f5f6ca6f000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0
munmap(0x7f5f6ca41000, 185208) = 0
set_tid_address(0x7f5f6ca3ab90) = 13360
set_robust_list(0x7f5f6ca3aba0, 24) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGRTMIN, {sa_handler=0x7f5f6bb3d740, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f5f6bb497e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGRT_1, {sa_handler=0x7f5f6bb3d7e0, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f5f6bb497e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, [RTMIN RT_1], NULL, 8) = 0
prlimit64(0, RLIMIT_STACK, NULL, {rlim_cur=8192*1024, rlim_max=RLIM64_INFINITY}) = 0
readlink("/etc/malloc.conf", 0x7ffcda2ec870, 4096) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
brk(NULL) = 0x55873d340000
mmap(NULL, 2097152, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6b069000
munmap(0x7f5f6b069000, 2097152) = 0
mmap(NULL, 4190208, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6ae6a000
munmap(0x7f5f6ae6a000, 1662976) = 0
munmap(0x7f5f6b200000, 430080) = 0
open("/sys/devices/system/cpu/online", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
read(3, "0-3\n", 8192) = 4
close(3) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGPIPE, {sa_handler=SIG_IGN, sa_mask=[PIPE], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_RESTART, sa_restorer=0x7f5f6b5ae940}, {sa_handler=SIG_DFL, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=0}, 8) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2097152, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6ae00000
open("/proc/self/maps", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
prlimit64(0, RLIMIT_STACK, NULL, {rlim_cur=8192*1024, rlim_max=RLIM64_INFINITY}) = 0
fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0444, st_size=0, ...}) = 0
read(3, "55873c5e7000-55873cb6f000 r-xp 0"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "libc-2.25.so\n7f5f6b917000-7f5f6b"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "pthread-2.25.so\n7f5f6bd52000-7f5"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "so.1.1\n7f5f6c5b7000-7f5f6c5d5000"..., 1024) = 1024
read(3, "000-7ffcda2f0000 rw-p 00000000 0"..., 1024) = 316
close(3) = 0
sched_getaffinity(13360, 32, [0, 1, 2, 3]) = 16
mmap(0x7ffcd9af0000, 4096, PROT_NONE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7ffcd9af0000
rt_sigaction(SIGSEGV, {sa_handler=0x55873ca20260, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_ONSTACK|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f5f6bb497e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
rt_sigaction(SIGBUS, {sa_handler=0x55873ca20260, sa_mask=[], sa_flags=SA_RESTORER|SA_ONSTACK|SA_SIGINFO, sa_restorer=0x7f5f6bb497e0}, NULL, 8) = 0
sigaltstack(NULL, {ss_sp=NULL, ss_flags=SS_DISABLE, ss_size=0}) = 0
mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6ca6d000
sigaltstack({ss_sp=0x7f5f6ca6d000, ss_flags=0, ss_size=8192}, NULL) = 0
getcwd("/home/tom/src/papers", 512) = 21
open("/home/tom/src/papers/.env", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
ioctl(3, FIOCLEX) = 0
read(3, "PAPERS_AWS_ACCESS_KEY=<REDACTED>"..., 8192) = 228
getrandom("", 0, GRND_NONBLOCK) = 0
getrandom("\x3d\xfd\x3c\x08\x48\x6d\x03\x13", 8, GRND_NONBLOCK) = 8
getrandom("\x80\x11\x02\x43\x2e\xa6\x6f\x1b", 8, GRND_NONBLOCK) = 8
read(3, "", 8192) = 0
close(3) = 0
stat("/home/tom/.terminfo", 0x7ffcda2eb7d0) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
stat("/etc/terminfo", 0x7ffcda2eb7d0) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
stat("/lib/terminfo", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0755, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0
stat("/lib/terminfo/s/screen", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=1587, ...}) = 0
open("/lib/terminfo/s/screen", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
ioctl(3, FIOCLEX) = 0
read(3, "\32\1*\0+\0\20\0i\1z\2screen|VT 100/ANSI X"..., 8192) = 1587
close(3) = 0
stat("/home/tom/.terminfo", 0x7ffcda2eb790) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
stat("/etc/terminfo", 0x7ffcda2eb790) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
stat("/lib/terminfo", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0755, st_size=4096, ...}) = 0
stat("/lib/terminfo/s/screen", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=1587, ...}) = 0
open("/lib/terminfo/s/screen", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
ioctl(3, FIOCLEX) = 0
read(3, "\32\1*\0+\0\20\0i\1z\2screen|VT 100/ANSI X"..., 8192) = 1587
close(3) = 0
ioctl(1, TCGETS, {B38400 opost isig icanon echo ...}) = 0
futex(0x7f5f6c161048, FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, 2147483647) = 0
mmap(NULL, 2101248, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_STACK, -1, 0) = 0x7f5f6abff000
mprotect(0x7f5f6abff000, 4096, PROT_NONE) = 0
clone(child_stack=0x7f5f6adfee30, flags=CLONE_VM|CLONE_FS|CLONE_FILES|CLONE_SIGHAND|CLONE_THREAD|CLONE_SYSVSEM|CLONE_SETTLS|CLONE_PARENT_SETTID|CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID, parent_tidptr=0x7f5f6adff9d0, tls=0x7f5f6adff700, child_tidptr=0x7f5f6adff9d0) = 13361
epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC) = 3
pipe2([4, 5], O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC) = 0
epoll_ctl(3, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, 4, {EPOLLIN|EPOLLET, {u32=4294967295, u64=18446744073709551615}}) = 0
socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_IP) = 6
setsockopt(6, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, [1], 4) = 0
It looks scary at first, but you absolutely don't need to know what every system call does to gain insight from it (if you wonder, they all have manpages so you can go man futex).
You can follow the program linearly, and it's easy to spot things like the moment we call dotenv in config.rs In this strace output it's:
open("/home/tom/src/papers/.env", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3
We also have, at the end of the trace, the moment where the server starts listening (it's binding to a TCP socket). epoll is used by the tokio event loop, so our logger configuration is happening before that, and after dotenv.
A lot of calls in-between are for reading the terminfo database to figure out the capabilities of the terminal.
This was missing in the strace output inside the container in our kubernetes cluster.
...
And that was it: when we set the TERM environment variable, our log output is back.
This is because when not specified, kubernetes does not allocate a TTY to containers, so TERM is not set, and since sloggers does not set up terminal output without it, nothing got printed.
Our solution was to set TERM to screen, although it can also be set to xterm or dumb. Another possible solution would be to configure the deployment to allocate a TTY to the container (similar to the -t flag in docker run and docker exec), but this is not necessary for simple logging.
This post is a testimony to the usefulness of the OS debugging tools and strace especially. There is a very good series of posts by Julia Evans on the many tracing tools for Linux, I would recommend them to anyone writing server-side software:
- A zine about strace
- Linux tracing systems and how they fit together
- ftrace: trace your kernel functions
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