How to differentiate between deep and shallow copies in JavaScript?

Shallow and deep cloning are two techniques in JavaScript for creating a new object that is a copy of an existing object.

Shallow cloning creates a new object with a reference to the same object properties as the original object. This means that if you modify a property in the new object, the original object's property will also be changed.

Deep cloning creates a completely separate copy of an object, including all of its properties and any nested objects. Modifying properties in the new object will not affect the original object.

conclusion:
In general, shallow cloning is faster than deep cloning and is sufficient for most simple use cases, but if you need to modify properties of the new object without affecting the original object, you need to use deep cloning.