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AWS profile image Abhishek Gupta
Abhishek Gupta for AWS

Posted on • Updated on • Originally published at abhishek1987.Medium

Manage Redis on AWS from Kubernetes

#kubernetes #database #tutorial #devops

Using AWS Controller for Kubernetes and CDK for Kubernetes

In this blog post, you will learn how to use ACK with Amazon EKS for creating a Redis cluster on AWS (with Amazon MemoryDB).

AWS Controllers for Kubernetes (also known as ACK) leverage Kubernetes Custom Resource and Custom Resource Definitions and give you the ability to manage and use AWS services directly from Kubernetes without needing to define resources outside of the cluster. It supports many AWS services including S3, DynamoDB, MemoryDB etc.

Normally you would define custom resources in ACK using YAML. But, in this case we will leverage cdk8s (Cloud Development Kit for Kubernetes), an open-source framework (part of CNCF) that allows you to define your Kubernetes applications using regular programming languages (instead of yaml). Thanks to cdk8s support for Kubernetes Custom Resource definitions, we will import MemoryDB ACK CRDs as APIs and then define a cluster using code (I will be using Go for this).

That's not all! In addition to the infrastructure, we will take care of the application that will represent the application which will connect with the MemoryDB cluster. To do this, we will use the cdk8s-plus library to define a Kubernetes Deployment (and Service to expose it), thereby building an end to end solution. In the process, you will learn about some of other nuances of ACK such as FieldExport etc.

I have written a few blog posts around cdk8s and Go, that you may find useful

Pre-requisites

To follow along step-by-step, in addition to an AWS account, you will need to have AWS CLI, cdk8s CLI, kubectl, helm and the Go programming language installed.

There are a variety of ways in which you can create an Amazon EKS cluster. I prefer using eksctl CLI because of the convenience it offers!

First, set up the MemoryDB controller

Most of the below steps are adapted from the ACK documentation - Install an ACK Controller

Install it using Helm:

export SERVICE=memorydb
export RELEASE_VERSION=`curl -sL https://api.github.com/repos/aws-controllers-k8s/$SERVICE-controller/releases/latest | grep '"tag_name":' | cut -d'"' -f4`
export ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE=ack-system

# you can change the region as required
export AWS_REGION=us-east-1

aws ecr-public get-login-password --region us-east-1 | helm registry login --username AWS --password-stdin public.ecr.aws

helm install --create-namespace -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE ack-$SERVICE-controller \
  oci://public.ecr.aws/aws-controllers-k8s/$SERVICE-chart --version=$RELEASE_VERSION --set=aws.region=$AWS_REGION
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To confirm, run:

kubectl get crd

# output (multiple CRDs)
NAME                                         CREATED AT
acls.memorydb.services.k8s.aws               2022-08-13T19:15:46Z
adoptedresources.services.k8s.aws            2022-08-13T19:15:53Z
clusters.memorydb.services.k8s.aws           2022-08-13T19:15:47Z
eniconfigs.crd.k8s.amazonaws.com             2022-08-13T19:02:10Z
fieldexports.services.k8s.aws                2022-08-13T19:15:56Z
parametergroups.memorydb.services.k8s.aws    2022-08-13T19:15:48Z
securitygrouppolicies.vpcresources.k8s.aws   2022-08-13T19:02:12Z
snapshots.memorydb.services.k8s.aws          2022-08-13T19:15:51Z
subnetgroups.memorydb.services.k8s.aws       2022-08-13T19:15:52Z
users.memorydb.services.k8s.aws              2022-08-13T19:15:53Z
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Since the controller has to interact with AWS Services (make API calls), we need to configure IAM Roles for Service Accounts (also known as IRSA).

Refer to Configure IAM Permissions for details

IRSA configuration

First, create an OIDC identity provider for your cluster.

export EKS_CLUSTER_NAME=<name of your EKS cluster>
export AWS_REGION=<cluster region>
eksctl utils associate-iam-oidc-provider --cluster $EKS_CLUSTER_NAME --region $AWS_REGION --approve
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The goal is to create an IAM role and attach appropriate permissions via policies. We can then create a Kubernetes Service Account and attach the IAM role to it. Thus, the controller Pod will be able to make AWS API calls. Note that we are using providing all MemoryDB permissions to our control via the arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonMemoryDBFullAccess policy.

Thanks to eksctl, this can be done with a single line!

export SERVICE=memorydb
export ACK_K8S_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME=ack-$SERVICE-controller

# recommend using the same name
export ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE=ack-system
export EKS_CLUSTER_NAME=<enter EKS cluster name>
export POLICY_ARN=arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonMemoryDBFullAccess

# IAM role has a format - do not change it. you can't use any arbitrary name
export IAM_ROLE_NAME=ack-$SERVICE-controller-role

eksctl create iamserviceaccount \
    --name $ACK_K8S_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME \
    --namespace $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE \
    --cluster $EKS_CLUSTER_NAME \
    --role-name $IAM_ROLE_NAME \
    --attach-policy-arn $POLICY_ARN \
    --approve \
    --override-existing-serviceaccounts
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The policy (AmazonMemoryDBFullAccess) is chosen as per https://github.com/aws-controllers-k8s/memorydb-controller/blob/main/config/iam/recommended-policy-arn

To confirm, you can check whether the IAM role was created and also introspect the Kubernetes service account

aws iam get-role --role-name=$IAM_ROLE_NAME --query Role.Arn --output text

kubectl describe serviceaccount/$ACK_K8S_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NAME -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE

# you will see similar output

Name:                ack-memorydb-controller
Namespace:           ack-system
Labels:              app.kubernetes.io/instance=ack-memorydb-controller
                     app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=eksctl
                     app.kubernetes.io/name=memorydb-chart
                     app.kubernetes.io/version=v0.0.2
                     helm.sh/chart=memorydb-chart-v0.0.2
                     k8s-app=memorydb-chart
Annotations:         eks.amazonaws.com/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::568863012249:role/ack-memorydb-controller-role
                     meta.helm.sh/release-name: ack-memorydb-controller
                     meta.helm.sh/release-namespace: ack-system
Image pull secrets:  <none>
Mountable secrets:   ack-memorydb-controller-token-2cmmx
Tokens:              ack-memorydb-controller-token-2cmmx
Events:              <none>
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For IRSA to take effect, you need to restart the ACK Deployment:

# Note the deployment name for ACK service controller from following command
kubectl get deployments -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE

kubectl -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE rollout restart deployment ack-memorydb-controller-memorydb-chart
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Confirm that the Deployment has restarted (currently Running) and the IRSA is properly configured:

kubectl get pods -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE

kubectl describe pod -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE ack-memorydb-controller-memorydb-chart-5975b8d757-k6x9k | grep "^\s*AWS_"
# The output should contain following two lines:

AWS_ROLE_ARN=arn:aws:iam::<AWS_ACCOUNT_ID>:role/<IAM_ROLE_NAME>
AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE=/var/run/secrets/eks.amazonaws.com/serviceaccount/token
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Now that we're done with the configuration, its time for...

cdk8s in action!

We will go step by step:

  • Build and push the application Docker images to private registry in Amazon ECR
  • Deploy MemoryDB along with the application and required configuration
  • Test the application

Build Docker image and push to ECR

Create ECR private repository

Login to ECR:

aws ecr get-login-password --region <enter region> | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin <enter aws_account_id>.dkr.ecr.<enter region>.amazonaws.com
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Create private repository:

aws ecr create-repository \
    --repository-name memorydb-app \
    --region <enter region>
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Build image and push to ECR

# if you're on Mac M1
#export DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM=linux/amd64
docker build -t memorydb-app .

docker tag memorydb-app:latest <enter aws_account_id>.dkr.ecr.<enter region>.amazonaws.com/memorydb-app:latest

docker push <enter aws_account_id>.dkr.ecr.<enter region>.amazonaws.com/memorydb-app:latest
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Use cdk8s and kubectl to deploy MemoryDB and the application

This is a ready-to-use cdk8s project that you can use. The entire logic is in main.go file - I will dive into the nitty gritty of the code in the next section.

Clone the project from Github and change to the right directory:

git clone https://github.com/abhirockzz/memorydb-ack-cdk8s-go.git
cd memorydb-ack-cdk8s-go
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Generate and deploy manifests

Use cdk8s synth to generate the manifest for MemoryDB, the application as well as required configuration. We can then apply it using kubectl.

export SUBNET_ID_LIST=<enter comma-separated list of subnet IDs. should be same as your EKS cluster>

# for example:
# export SUBNET_ID_LIST=subnet-086c4a45ec9a206e1,subnet-0d9a9c6d2ca7a24df,subnet-028ca54bb859a4994

export SECURITY_GROUP_ID=<enter security group ID>

# for example
# export SECURITY_GROUP_ID=sg-06b6535ee64980616

export DOCKER_IMAGE=<enter ECR repo that you created earlier>
# example
# export DOCKER_IMAGE=1234567891012.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/memorydb-app:latest
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You can also add other environment variables MEMORYDB_CLUSTER_NAME, MEMORYDB_USERNAME, MEMORYDB_PASSWORD. These are not mandatory and default to memorydb-cluster-ack-cdk8s, demouser and Password123456789 respectively

To generate the manifests:

cdk8s synth

# check the "dist" folder - you should see these files:

0000-memorydb.k8s.yaml
0001-config.k8s.yaml
0002-deployment.k8s.yaml
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Let's deploy them one by one, starting with the one which creates the MemoryDB cluster. In addition to the cluster, it will also provision the supporting components including ACL, User and Subnet Groups.

kubectl apply -f dist/0000-memorydb.k8s.yaml

#output
secret/memdb-secret created
users.memorydb.services.k8s.aws/demouser created
acls.memorydb.services.k8s.aws/demo-acl created
subnetgroups.memorydb.services.k8s.aws/demo-subnet-group created
clusters.memorydb.services.k8s.aws/memorydb-cluster-ack-cdk8s
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Kubernetes Secret is used to hold the password for MemoryDB cluster user.

This initiates the cluster creation. You can check the status using the AWS console. Once the creation is complete, you can test connectivity with redis-cli:

# run this from EC2 instance in the same subnet as the cluster
export REDIS=<enter cluster endpoint>
# example
# export REDIS=clustercfg.memorydb-cluster-ack-cdk8s.smtjf4.memorydb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com

redis-cli -h $REDIS -c --user demouser --pass Password123456789 --tls --insecure
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Let's apply second manifest. This will create configuration related components i.e. ConfigMap and FieldExports - these are required by our application (to be deployed after this)

kubectl apply -f dist/0001-config.k8s.yaml

#output
configmap/export-memorydb-info created
fieldexports.services.k8s.aws/export-memorydb-endpoint created
fieldexports.services.k8s.aws/export-memorydb-username created
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In this case, we create two FieldExports to extract data from the cluster (from .status.clusterEndpoint.address) and user (.spec.name) resources that we created before and seed it into a ConfigMap.

ConfigMap and FieldExport:

FieldExport is an ACK component that can "export any spec or status field from an ACK resource into a Kubernetes ConfigMap or Secret". You can read up on the details in the ACK docs along with some examples.

You should be able to confirm by checking the FieldExport and ConfigMap:

kubectl get fieldexport

#output
NAME                       AGE
export-memorydb-endpoint   20s
export-memorydb-username   20s

kubectl get configmap/export-memorydb-info -o yaml
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We started out with a blank ConfigMap, but ACK magically populated it with the required attributes:

apiVersion: v1
data:
  default.export-memorydb-endpoint: clustercfg.memorydb-cluster-ack-cdk8s.smtjf4.memorydb.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
  default.export-memorydb-username: demouser
immutable: false
kind: ConfigMap
#....omitted
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Let's create the application resources - Deployment and the Service.

kubectl apply -f dist/0003-deployment.k8s.yaml

#output
deployment.apps/memorydb-app created
service/memorydb-app-service configured
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Since the Service type is LoadBalancer, an appropriate AWS Load Balancer will be provisioned to allow for external access.

Check Pod and Service:

kubectl get pods
kubectl get service/memorydb-app-service

# to get the load balancer IP
APP_URL=$(kubectl get service/memorydb-app-service -o jsonpath="{.status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].hostname}")

echo $APP_URL

# output example
a0042d5b5b0ad40abba9c6c42e6342a2-879424587.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com
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You have deployed the application and know the endpoint over which it's publicly accessible. Here is a high-level view of the current architecture:

Image description

Now you can access the application...

It's quite simple - it exposes a couple of HTTP endpoints to write and read data from Redis (you can check it on GitHub):

# create a couple of users - this will be added as a `HASH` in Redis

curl -i -X POST -d '{"email":"user1@foo.com", "name":"user1"}' http://$APP_URL:9090/

curl -i -X POST -d '{"email":"user2@foo.com", "name":"user2"}' http://$APP_URL:9090/


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 0

# search for user via email
curl -i http://$APP_URL:9090/user2@foo.com

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 41
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

{"email":"user2@foo.com","name":"user2"}
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If you get a Could not resolve host error while accessing the LB URL, wait for a minute or so and re-try

Once you're done...

... don't forget to delete resources.. 

# delete MemoryDB cluster, configuration and the application

kubectl delete -f dist/

# to uninstall the ACK controller
export SERVICE=memorydb
helm uninstall -n $ACK_SYSTEM_NAMESPACE ack-$SERVICE-controller

# delete the EKS cluster. if created via eksctl:
eksctl delete cluster --name <enter name of eks cluster>
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So far, you deployed the ACK controller for MemoryDB, setup a cluster, an application that connects to it and tested the end to end solution. Great!

Now let's look at the cdk8s code that makes it all happen. The logic is divided into three Charts. I will only focus on key sections of the code and rest will be omitted for brevity.

You can refer to the complete code on GitHub

Code walk through

MemoryDB and related components

We start by defining the MemoryDB cluster along with the required components - ACL, User and Subnet Group.

func NewMemoryDBChart(scope constructs.Construct, id string, props *MyChartProps) cdk8s.Chart {
    //...
    secret = cdk8splus22.NewSecret(chart, jsii.String("password"), &cdk8splus22.SecretProps{
        Metadata:   &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(secretName)},
        StringData: &map[string]*string{"password": jsii.String(memoryDBPassword)},
    })

    user = users_memorydbservicesk8saws.NewUser(chart, jsii.String("user"), &users_memorydbservicesk8saws.UserProps{
        Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(memoryDBUsername)},
        Spec: &users_memorydbservicesk8saws.UserSpec{
            Name:         jsii.String(memoryDBUsername),
            AccessString: jsii.String(memoryDBUserAccessString),
            AuthenticationMode: &users_memorydbservicesk8saws.UserSpecAuthenticationMode{
                Type: jsii.String("Password"),
                Passwords: &[]*users_memorydbservicesk8saws.UserSpecAuthenticationModePasswords{
                    {Name: secret.Name(), Key: jsii.String(secretKeyName)},
                },
            },
        },
    })
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ACL references the User defined above:

    acl := acl_memorydbservicesk8saws.NewAcl(chart, jsii.String("acl"),
        &acl_memorydbservicesk8saws.AclProps{
            Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(memoryDBACLName)},
            Spec: &acl_memorydbservicesk8saws.AclSpec{
                Name:      jsii.String(memoryDBACLName),
                UserNames: jsii.Strings(*user.Name()),
            },
        })
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The subnet IDs (for subnet group) as well as the security group ID for the cluster are read from environment variables.

    subnetGroup := subnetgroups_memorydbservicesk8saws.NewSubnetGroup(chart, jsii.String("sg"),
        &subnetgroups_memorydbservicesk8saws.SubnetGroupProps{
            Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(memoryDBSubnetGroup)},
            Spec: &subnetgroups_memorydbservicesk8saws.SubnetGroupSpec{
                Name: jsii.String(memoryDBSubnetGroup),
                SubnetIDs: jsii.Strings(strings.Split(subnetIDs, ",")...), //same as EKS cluster
            },
        })
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Finally, the MemoryDB cluster is defined - it references all the resources created above (it has been omitted on purpose):

    memoryDBCluster = memorydbservicesk8saws.NewCluster(chart, jsii.String("memorydb-ack-cdk8s"),
        &memorydbservicesk8saws.ClusterProps{
            Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(memoryDBClusterName)},
            Spec: &memorydbservicesk8saws.ClusterSpec{
                Name:                jsii.String(memoryDBClusterName),
                //omitted
            },
        })

    return chart
}
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Configuration

Then we move on to the next chart that handles the configuration related aspects. It defines a ConfigMap (which is empty) and FieldExports - one each for the MemoryDB cluster endpoint and username (the password is read from the Secret)

As soon as these are created, the ConfigMap is populated with the required data as per from and to configuration in the FieldExport.

func NewConfigChart(scope constructs.Construct, id string, props *MyChartProps) cdk8s.Chart {
    //...
    cfgMap = cdk8splus22.NewConfigMap(chart, jsii.String("config-map"),
        &cdk8splus22.ConfigMapProps{
            Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{
                Name: jsii.String(configMapName)}})

    fieldExportForClusterEndpoint = servicesk8saws.NewFieldExport(chart, jsii.String("fexp-cluster"), &servicesk8saws.FieldExportProps{
        Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(fieldExportNameForClusterEndpoint)},
        Spec: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpec{
            From: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecFrom{Path: jsii.String(".status.clusterEndpoint.address"),
                Resource: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecFromResource{
                    Group: jsii.String("memorydb.services.k8s.aws"),
                    Kind:  jsii.String("Cluster"),
                    Name:  memoryDBCluster.Name()}},
            To: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecTo{
                Name: cfgMap.Name(),
                Kind: servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecToKind_CONFIGMAP}}})

    fieldExportForUsername = servicesk8saws.NewFieldExport(chart, jsii.String("fexp-username"), &servicesk8saws.FieldExportProps{
        Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{Name: jsii.String(fieldExportNameForUsername)},
        Spec: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpec{
            From: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecFrom{Path: jsii.String(".spec.name"),
                Resource: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecFromResource{
                    Group: jsii.String("memorydb.services.k8s.aws"),
                    Kind:  jsii.String("User"),
                    Name:  user.Name()}},
            To: &servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecTo{
                Name: cfgMap.Name(),
                Kind: servicesk8saws.FieldExportSpecToKind_CONFIGMAP}}})

    return chart
}
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The application chart

Finally, we deal with the Deployment (in its dedicated Chart) - it makes use of the configuration objects we defined in the earlier chart:

func NewDeploymentChart(scope constructs.Construct, id string, props *MyChartProps) cdk8s.Chart {
    //....
    dep := cdk8splus22.NewDeployment(chart, jsii.String("memorydb-app-deployment"), &cdk8splus22.DeploymentProps{
        Metadata: &cdk8s.ApiObjectMetadata{
            Name: jsii.String("memorydb-app")}})
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The next important part is the container and it's configuration. We specify the ECR image repository along with the environment variables - they reference the ConfigMap we defined in the previous chart (everything is connected!):

//...
    container := dep.AddContainer(
        &cdk8splus22.ContainerProps{
            Name:  jsii.String("memorydb-app-container"),
            Image: jsii.String(appDockerImage),
            Port:  jsii.Number(appPort)})

    container.Env().AddVariable(jsii.String("MEMORYDB_CLUSTER_ENDPOINT"),
        cdk8splus22.EnvValue_FromConfigMap(
            cfgMap,
            jsii.String("default."+*fieldExportForClusterEndpoint.Name()),
            &cdk8splus22.EnvValueFromConfigMapOptions{Optional: jsii.Bool(false)}))

    container.Env().AddVariable(jsii.String("MEMORYDB_USERNAME"),
        cdk8splus22.EnvValue_FromConfigMap(
            cfgMap,
            jsii.String("default."+*fieldExportForUsername.Name()),
            &cdk8splus22.EnvValueFromConfigMapOptions{Optional: jsii.Bool(false)}))

    container.Env().AddVariable(jsii.String("MEMORYDB_PASSWORD"),
        cdk8splus22.EnvValue_FromSecretValue(
            &cdk8splus22.SecretValue{
                Secret: secret,
                Key:    jsii.String("password")},
            &cdk8splus22.EnvValueFromSecretOptions{}))
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Finally, we define the Service (type LoadBalancer) which enables external application access and tie it all together in the main function:

//...
    dep.ExposeViaService(
        &cdk8splus22.DeploymentExposeViaServiceOptions{
            Name:        jsii.String("memorydb-app-service"),
            ServiceType: cdk8splus22.ServiceType_LOAD_BALANCER,
            Ports: &[]*cdk8splus22.ServicePort{
                {Protocol: cdk8splus22.Protocol_TCP,
                    Port:       jsii.Number(lbPort),
                    TargetPort: jsii.Number(appPort)}}})
//...

func main() {
    app := cdk8s.NewApp(nil)

    memorydb := NewMemoryDBChart(app, "memorydb", nil)
    config := NewConfigChart(app, "config", nil)

    config.AddDependency(memorydb)
    deployment := NewDeploymentChart(app, "deployment", nil)

    deployment.AddDependency(memorydb, config)
    app.Synth()
}
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That's all for now!

Wrap up..

Combining AWS Controllers for Kubernetes and cdk8s can prove useful if you want to manage AWS services as well as the Kubernetes applications - using code (not yaml). In this blog you saw how to do this in the context of MemoryDB and an application that was composed of a Deployment and Service. I encourage you to try out other AWS services as well - here is a complete list.

Until then, Happy Building!

Top comments (1)

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komalsaini1506 •

Thank you sharing an informative and helpful piece of content.

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