1. Change a Commit Message that Hasn't Been Pushed Yet
git commit --amend -m "New message"
2. Add More Files and Changes to a Commit Before Pushing
# only do this BEFORE you've pushed the commits
git add -A
git commit --amend -m "My new message"
3. Remove Files from Staging Before Committing
git reset HEAD filename
4. Remove Changes from a Commit Before Pushing
# reset back to a specific commit
git reset HEAD~1
# or
git reset [HASH]
5. The Different git Reset Options: --hard, --soft, and --mixed
# Resets the index and working tree
git reset --hard [commit]
# Does not touch the index file or the working tree at all
git reset --soft [commit]
# Resets the index but not the working tree
# Reports what has not been updated
# This is the default action
git reset --mixed [commit]
6. Recover Local Changes from git reset --hard with git reflog
# To look up the commit hash
git reflog
git reset --hard [HASH]
7. Undo a Commit that has Already Been Pushed
# NOTE: Once a commit is pushed, you do NOT want to use git reset
# make a "revert commit" which will "undo" a specific commit
git revert [HASH-TO-UNDO]
8. Push a New Branch to GitHub that Doesn't Exist Remotely Yet
git checkout -b new-branch
git push
# set the upstream of the local branch at the same time
git push --set-upstream origin new-branch
9. Copy a Commit from One Branch to Another
git cherry-pick [HASH-TO-MOVE]
10. Move a Commit that was Committed on the Wrong Branch
# Get the commit we want
git cherry-pick [HASH-TO-MOVE]
# Remove the commit from the wrong branch
git reset [HASH-TO-REMOVE]
11. Use git stash to Save Local Changes While Pulling
# Save the local changes,
git stash
# Get remote changes
git pull
# To apply the stashed changed
git stash pop
# You will need to fix the merge conflict
# Then drop the change from the stash
git stash drop stash@{0}
12. Explore Old Commits with a Detached HEAD, and then Recover
# checkout the hash of an old commit
git checkout [HASH]
# we'll be in a "detached HEAD" state
# Save the work by creating a new branch
git checkout -b my-new-branch
13. Fix a Pull Request that has a Merge Conflict
git checkout -b conflicts_branch
# Add 'Line4' and 'Line5'
git commit -am "add line4 and line5"
git push origin conflicts_branch
git checkout master
# Add 'Line6' and 'Line7'`
git commit -am "add line6 and line7"
git push origin master
14.Cleanup and Delete Branches After a Pull Request
# use the github interface to delete the branch remotely
# Locally
# Confirm that remote is gone
git remote prune origin --dry-run
git remote prune origin
#clean up the feature branch
git branch -d feature-branch
15. Change the Commit Message of a Previous Commit with Interactive Rebase
git log --oneline
# start the interactive rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~3
# and then change pick to reword.
# We can now reword the commit message
16. git Ignore a File that has Already been Committed and Pushed
# We make a file and accidentally push it to github
# To remove it, add it to .gitignore file
# remove all of our files from our git cache
git rm -r --cached .
# add back all the files we want with
git add -A
17. Add a File to a Previous Commit with Interactive Rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~2
# during the interactive rebase, we can add the file, and amend the commi
git commit --amend --no-edit
git rebase --continue
18. Fix Merge Conflicts While Changing Commits During an Interactive Rebase
# ennter interactive rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~2
# Then we can fix that merge conflict like normal, but finish up the rebase
git rebase --continue
19. Squash Commits Before they are Pushed with Interactive Rebase
git rebase -i HEAD~3
# Make the changes in interactive rebase
# Make the commit message for that commit, and once we save the message
# we'll be left with just a single commit
20. Completely Remove a File from Pushed git History
# prune the entire history and garbage collect the remains
git reflog expire --expire=now --all && git gc --prune=now --aggressive
# use git push to push that change to github,
# and remove the .env file from all of the history
BlogPost Summary
- Change commit messages
- Add or remove files from a commit
- How and when to stash changes
- What a "detached HEAD" is, and how to fix it
- Remove secrets from a codebase
- How to rewrite history
If you notice areas that could be improved please feel free to comment down below.
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