Functional vs Object-Oriented Programming Paradigms

So, my CS Students keep asking me - what are the differences between Procedural and Object-oriented programming languages?

Makes sense that the info is all in one place now. OOP definitely built on the mistakes/faults of functional programming, and the inclusion of methods, encapsulation, and inheritance make OOP infinitely better.

Feature	Procedural (Functional) Programming	Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Focus	Procedures or routines (functions)	Objects (instances of classes)
Data and Functions	Separate entities	Bundled together in classes
Global Data	Yes, often used	Encourages encapsulation and local data
Modularity	Emphasizes breaking down into procedures	Emphasizes breaking down into objects and classes
Classes and Objects	Not applicable	Central to the paradigm, defining blueprints
Encapsulation	Limited	Key principle, bundling data and methods
Inheritance	Not typically supported	Supports the creation of derived classes
Polymorphism	Not typically supported	Supports polymorphism, method overloading, etc.
Example Languages	C, Pascal, Fortran	Java, C++, Python, Ruby, etc.
Abstraction	Less emphasis	Emphasizes abstraction for real-world modeling
Code Reusability	Achieved through functions	Achieved through inheritance, polymorphism, etc.
Complexity	May be suitable for simpler projects	Often preferred for larger, complex projects
Real-world Modeling	May not closely mirror entities	Designed to closely mirror real-world entities
Language Examples	C, Pascal, Fortran	Java, C++, Python, Ruby, etc.

What do you think? Were all the bases covered? Miss anything?

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_{^{Photo by Max Duzij on Unsplash.}}

Comments

[Ranjan Dailata]

Consider providing some more examples of Functional Programming.

Also example about the pros and cons for the same.

Here are a few more functional programming languages.

• Haskell
• SML
• Clojure
• Scala
• Erlang
• Clean
• F#
• ML/OCaml
• Lisp / Scheme
• XSLT
• SQL
• Mathematica

[Ranjan Dailata]

Great post.

Please do explain about the Hybrid programming languages, for example - Rust, Python

Rust is a multi-paradigm programming language that is not strictly object-oriented or functional

Python is primarily an object-oriented programming (OOP) language, but it also supports functional programming

[InsouciantQualms]

Very nice. Though in my mind, procedural (aka imperative) is different from functional, which itself is different from object-oriented.