LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

🧠** Basic Linux Practicals**

1. Install Linux OS (Ubuntu / RedHat / Kali / CentOS)
2. Explore Linux desktop and terminal
3. Check OS details using uname, cat /etc/os-release
4. View current user, hostname, and working directory (whoami, hostname, pwd)
5. Create, rename, copy, move, and delete files using cp, mv, rm, touch
6. Manage directories using mkdir, rmdir, ls -l, tree
7. Display file content using cat, less, head, tail
8. Use man and help for command documentation
9. Use wildcard characters (*, ?, []) in commands
10. Use text editors like nano, vi, or vim

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⚙️ User and Permission Management Practicals

1. Create, delete, and modify users using useradd, userdel, usermod
2. Set and change passwords using passwd
3. Manage groups with groupadd, groupdel, gpasswd
4. Check user details in /etc/passwd and /etc/group
5. Manage file permissions using chmod, chown, chgrp
6. Understand permission bits (rwx, 777, 755, 644, etc.)
7. Set special permissions — SUID, SGID, Sticky Bit
8. Practice ownership and access control examples

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🌐 Networking Practicals

1. Check and configure IP addresses using ifconfig, ip addr
2. Test connectivity using ping, traceroute, nslookup, dig
3. Edit network configuration files (/etc/network/interfaces, nmcli)
4. Configure hostname and DNS
5. View open ports using netstat, ss, or lsof -i
6. Transfer files using scp, rsync, and sftp
7. Setup and test SSH server (sshd_config)
8. Configure static and dynamic IP addressing

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💾 File System & Process Management

1. Mount and unmount drives using mount, umount
2. Check disk usage using df, du, lsblk
3. Manage partitions using fdisk, parted
4. View running processes using ps, top, htop
5. Kill or manage processes using kill, pkill, nice, renice
6. Schedule tasks using cron and at
7. View system logs from /var/log directory
8. Backup and compress files using tar, gzip, zip

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🔐 Security & Administration

1. Configure sudo privileges (/etc/sudoers)
2. Monitor system performance using vmstat, free, uptime
3. Check system boot logs using dmesg, journalctl
4. Configure and manage firewall using ufw or firewalld
5. Configure SELinux or AppArmor (RedHat-based)
6. Manage system services with systemctl and service
7. Enable/disable automatic updates
8. Lock/unlock user accounts

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🧩 Server & Advanced Practicals

1. Configure Apache/Nginx web server
2. Setup and secure SSH, FTP, and Samba servers
3. Install and manage MySQL/MariaDB databases
4. Setup DNS (BIND9) or DHCP server
5. Manage user quotas and shared directories
6. Configure NFS or SAMBA file sharing
7. Monitor system with top, iotop, netstat
8. Create and restore system backups using rsync or tar