I bet you all use for-loop like the below one, at least once in your lifetime.
for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
/* output
1
2
3
4
5
*/
Anyway, instead of this deadly usual, let's talk about some of the rare things that come with for-loop.
But first,
for-loop in brief
The for loop comes in handy when we want to,
- execute some statements multiple times,
- by updating the value of a variable,
- while evaluating a condition.
Here is the syntax for the for loop.
Syntax
for ([initialization]; [condition]; [final-expression]) {
// statements
}
Normally what does this do is,
initialization: Initialize a variable and evaluate only once before the loop start.
-
condition: Check the condition.
- if it is true, execute the statements.
- if it is false, terminate the loop.
final-expression: If the condition is true, evaluate the final-expression.
repeat the 2nd and 3rd steps until the condition becomes false.
Now let's play with the rare things.
Optional three expressions
By looking at the syntax of the for loop, we can see that it has three expressions inside the parentheses. But they all are optional, which means we can leave them as blank as well.
So, let's try to leave all or some of these expressions and see the effect.
1. The for-loop without initialization expression
Here we keep the initialization expression as empty.
Alternatively, we can initialize the variable outside of the loop before the loop begin. But remember to put a semi-colon to represent the empty initialization block.
let i = 1;
for (; i <= 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
/* output
1
2
3
4
5
*/
2. The for-loop without condition expression
Also, we can omit the condition part as well.
By doing this, you have to break the loop at some point. Otherwise, it will run infinitely.
for (let i = 1; ; i++) {
if (i > 5) {
break;
}
console.log(i);
}
/* output
1
2
3
4
5
*/
3. The for-loop without final-expression
This loop omits the final expression. So we have to modify the variable inside the loop body to keep the loop running.
for (let i = 1; i <= 5; ) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
/* output
1
2
3
4
5
*/
4. The for-loop without any expressions
Even we omit all the expressions still have to put two semi-colons inside the parentheses to represent all the three expression blocks. Otherwise, it gives us an error.
Also, do not forget to use the break-statement, to terminate the loop at some point and modify the variable to keep the loop running.
let i = 1;
for (;;) {
if (i > 5) {
break;
}
console.log(i);
i++;
}
/* output
1
2
3
4
5
*/
5. The for-loop with multiple variables
Of cause! Multiple variables are allowed to use inside the parentheses. Using commas, we can separate them from each other in each expression block.
In the example below, we use two separate variables called i and j.
- i represents odd numbers between 1 to 5 inclusively.
- j represents even numbers between 2 to 5 inclusively.
for (let i = 1, j = 2; i <= 5, j <= 5; i += 2, j += 2) {
console.log(i + " - odd");
console.log(j + " - even");
}
/* output
"1 - odd"
"2 - even"
"3 - odd"
"4 - even"
*/
The cool thing is you can see that we did not get 5 - odd in the output!
The reason is that the for-loop checks both the conditions in each iteration and only executes the statements if both of them are true.
After the fourth iteration,
- i = 5, so i <= 5 is true
- j = 6, so j <= 5 is false
So the loop stop at this point.
6. The for-loop without the loop body
Interestingly enough, we can omit the loop body as well. Here we put semi-colon immediately after the parentheses instead of the loop body.
In this example, i increments until 10 and in each iteration adds its value to the sum.
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 1; i <= 10; i++, sum += i);
console.log(sum); // 65
The for-loop with the keywords var and let
A variable initialized with the var keyword inside the loop, can also access outside the loop.
The reason is that the variable initialized with the var and the for-loop both belong to the same scope.
If we initialize the variable with the let keyword, we cannot access it outside the loop.
Because the scope of the variable initialized with let is local to the loop.
Try this example.
with var keyword:
// with var keyword
for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
console.log(`inside counter = ${i}`);
}
console.log(`outside counter = ${i}`); // doesn't throw errors
/* output
"inside counter = 1"
"inside counter = 2"
"inside counter = 3"
"inside counter = 4"
"inside counter = 5"
"outside counter = 6"
*/
with let keyword:
// with let keyword
for (let i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
console.log(`inside counter = ${i}`);
}
console.log(`outside counter = ${i}`); // throws an error
/* output
"inside counter = 1"
"inside counter = 2"
"inside counter = 3"
"inside counter = 4"
"inside counter = 5"
"Uncaught ReferenceError: i is not defined
*/
Labeled for-loop
Using label, we can break the outer loop within the inner loop, since the for-loop can be labeled.
Here is the syntax of the break statement:
break [label];
outer_loop: for (let i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
console.log("round: " + i);
inner_loop: for (let j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
if (i > 1) {
console.log("do not allow to run more than one round");
break outer_loop;
}
console.log(j);
}
}
/* output
"round: 1"
1
2
3
4
5
"round: 2"
"do not allow to run more than one round"
*/
The for-loop iterates through the HTML element
Here is another rare way to use for-loop.
This loop iterates through the parent node by checking whether it has any child element using the nodeType of the child node.
child.nodeType == 1 means it checks only for the ELEMENT_NODE.
If it found a child element then, it gets textContent of the child.
HTML:
<div id="parent">
<p>child para 1</p>
<p>child para 2</p>
<p>child para 3</p>
<p>child para 4</p>
<p>child para 5</p>
</div>
<button id="btn">Get Text</button>
JavaScript:
let parent = document.querySelector("#parent");
let btn = document.querySelector("#btn");
let counter = 1;
btn.addEventListener("click", getText);
function getText() {
let child;
for (child = parent.firstChild; child; child = child.nextSibling) {
if (child.nodeType == 1) {
console.log(child.textContent);
}
}
}
/* output
"child para 1"
"child para 2"
"child para 3"
"child para 4"
"child para 5"
*/
These are only a few of the rare cases that come with for-loop. If you know more, we would like to hear from you.
Happy Coding!
Image Credit: Alistair MacRobert on Unsplash
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