Learning from Different Programming Language

I have worked on different programming language / frameworks mostly for web development tasks. Here are list of tasks which seems to be common across all programming language, syntax is different but semantic remains almost same across programming language

1. Variable declaration or assignment
2. Loop construct like while, for.
3. Function declaration or return
4. Meta programming support
5. Import / Exporting the function or file

Comments

[peerreynders]

Some languages don't have loops - recursion has to be used instead (e.g. Erlang, Haskell).

While many languages are statement based others use only expressions: expressions vs statements.

[Sanjiv]

Yeah, mostly functional language do not have inbuilt loop, it need to be implemented through recursion.