Whether you're preparing for a blockchain interview, academic exam, or just brushing up your fundamentals, here’s a compact set of questions and answers covering core concepts in blockchain, smart contracts, cryptography, and Ethereum.
✅ Short Answer Concepts
Ethereum Transaction Fee Formula:
Transaction Fee = Gas Used × Gas Price
Plain Text vs Cipher Text:
➤ Plain Text: Human-readable data
➤ Cipher Text: Encrypted, unreadable format
What is FPGA?
Field Programmable Gate Array – a customizable hardware chip used in crypto mining.
AES Rounds Depend On:
➤ 128-bit key → 10 rounds
➤ 192-bit key → 12 rounds
➤ 256-bit key → 14 rounds
Smart Contract:
A self-executing program with predefined rules stored on blockchain.
DES Key Size:
➤ 56-bit (actual encryption), 64-bit (total with parity)
ASIC:
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit – custom hardware for mining.
Bitcoin's Algorithm:
➤ SHA-256 for hashing and transaction verification
Interoperable PoS Blockchain:
➤ Polkadot
DAPP (Decentralized App):
Application running on a blockchain using smart contracts.
📚 Conceptual Explanations
Public vs Private Blockchain:
➤ Public: Open, decentralized (e.g., Ethereum)
➤ Private: Controlled by organization (e.g., Hyperledger)
Why Blockchain is Slower than Databases:
➤ Distributed verification
➤ Consensus overhead
P2P Crypto Exchange:
Users trade directly without centralized control (e.g., Bisq, LocalBitcoins)
BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance):
Consensus despite faulty or malicious nodes.
Hybrid Blockchain:
Combines private control with public auditability.
🔄 Processes and Protocols
Smart Contract Lifecycle:
Design
Develop
Test
Deploy
Interact
Maintain
Hard vs Soft Forks:
➤ Hard Fork: Permanent split
➤ Soft Fork: Backward-compatible update
Proof of Work (PoW):
Miners solve puzzles to validate blocks (used in Bitcoin)
🧩 Advanced Notes
Challenges of Blockchain:
✔ Scalability
✔ Energy use
✔ Regulation
✔ UX and Adoption
ICO (Initial Coin Offering):
Blockchain fundraising by issuing tokens to investors.
Solidity Value Types:
➤ uint, int, bool, address, bytes, string, enum, struct
🔍 Deep Dive Topics
First Generation Blockchain:
➤ Bitcoin – focused on peer-to-peer digital cash, no smart contracts
EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine):
➤ Executes smart contracts
➤ Ensures consensus
➤ Runs Ethereum bytecode on all nodes
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