What is Temporal dead zone in javascript?

The Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) in JavaScript refers to the period between the creation of a variable in the scope and its initialization. During this period, the variable is in an uninitialized state and cannot be accessed. Attempting to access it will result in a ReferenceError.

Key Points:

1. TDZ occurs with let and const: Unlike var, variables declared with let and const are not hoisted to the top of their scope in an accessible way.

2. Access before initialization throws ReferenceError: The variable exists in memory but is not initialized until the declaration is executed.

3. TDZ ends when the variable is initialized: Once the declaration line is executed, the variable becomes accessible.

Code Example 1: Accessing a Variable in the TDZ

console.log(x); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'x' before initialization
let x = 10;
console.log(x); // 10

Explanation:

• The variable x exists in memory due to let declaration but is not initialized.
• Attempting to access it before initialization throws a ReferenceError.

Code Example 2: TDZ with const

console.log(y); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'y' before initialization
const y = 20;
console.log(y); // 20

Explanation:

• const behaves the same as let during the TDZ. Accessing y before its initialization results in a ReferenceError.

Code Example 3: TDZ in Block Scope

{
    console.log(a); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'a' before initialization
    let a = 5;
    console.log(a); // 5
}

Explanation:

• The variable a is in the TDZ until the let a = 5 line is executed within the block.

Code Example 4: No TDZ with var

console.log(b); // undefined
var b = 15;
console.log(b); // 15

Explanation:

• Variables declared with var are hoisted and initialized with undefined. There is no TDZ for var.

Code Example 5: Function and TDZ

function example() {
    console.log(c); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'c' before initialization
    let c = 30;
}
example();

Explanation:

• c is in the TDZ until the let c = 30 line is executed.

Code Example 6: TDZ with Default Parameter

function test(x = y, y = 10) {
    console.log(x, y);
}
test(); // ReferenceError: Cannot access 'y' before initialization

Explanation:

• Default parameters are evaluated left-to-right. Here, x tries to access y before it is initialized, causing a ReferenceError.

How to Avoid Issues with TDZ

1. Declare variables at the top of their scope.
2. Initialize variables immediately after declaring them if possible.
3. Understand the block scope behavior of let and const.

By being mindful of the TDZ, you can write more predictable and bug-free JavaScript code.