Scofield Idehen

Posted on Oct 22, 2023 • Originally published at blog.learnhub.africa

The Complete Git Tutorial for Beginners: Master Version Control and Start Contributing to Open Source

#github #programming #beginners #opensource

Git and GitHub have become essential tools for developers looking to build their skills and collaborate on impactful open-source projects. This step-by-step guide will take you from git basics to advanced workflows, setting you up for success on your open-source journey.

What is Git?

Git is an open-source distributed version control system that helps developers manage and track changes to their code over time. With Git, you can record project history, roll back changes, and collaborate with other developers more efficiently.

Unlike older centralized version control systems, git is distributed - every developer has a full copy of the code base on their local machine. This enables you to work offline and switch seamlessly between versions.

Nearly all modern software development relies on Git for version control. It fosters better collaboration and enables developers to contribute more easily to open source. Mastering git is a must for any aspiring developer.

Installing Git

Git comes pre-installed on many operating systems, but you can download the latest version from the official website. Follow the installation wizard, selecting your OS and preferred options.

To confirm it is installed correctly, open your terminal or command prompt and enter:

git --version

This will print the version number if Git is installed.

Setting Up Git

Once Git is installed, the first thing you'll want to do is set your username and email, which will be attached to your commits:

git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your.email@domain.com"

It's also a good idea to set your default text editor for Git commit messages:

git config --global core.editor "code --wait"

This uses Visual Studio Code as the editor, but you can configure your preferred text editor here.

With your identity set up, it's time to start using Git!

Git Basics: Your First Repository

To start using Git, you first need to initialize a repository - a designated folder that Git will track for version control.

Navigate into your project directory and run:

git init

This creates a hidden .git subfolder that contains all of Git's tracking data and metadata for the repo.

Once you have a repo, you can start tracking files with these core commands:

git add filename: Adds files to the staging area to be committed
git commit -m "Meaningful message": Commits staged files to the repository with a log message
git status: Checks the status - which files are staged, unstaged, or untracked

For example:

git add index.html
git commit -m "Add initial homepage" 
git status

This stages index.html, commits it to the repo history with a message and then prints the current state of the repository.

Git Branches and Workflows

Now that you understand Git's basics let's go deeper into branching - one of Git's killer features.

Branching allows you to experiment with different versions of a project by diverging from the main line of development. The main branch is conventionally called main.

To create a new branch:

git branch new-feature

This creates a separate timeline starting from the current commit. To start working on that branch:

git checkout new-feature

Any commits you make will be added to new-feature without impacting main.

Once your feature is complete, you can merge it back into main - this adds all the branch commits into the main timeline.

git checkout main
git merge new-feature

Branching enables powerful workflows like Gitflow:

main contains official releases
develop is for integrating features before the release
feature/* branches implement specific features
release/* branches prepare releases
hotfix/* branches address live emergencies

Understanding these workflows will help you collaborate efficiently on open-source projects.

Working with Remote Repositories on GitHub

So far, we've been working with local repositories on our machine. But to collaborate and share code, you need a remote repository hosted somewhere like GitHub.

First, create a new empty repo on GitHub.com. Then connect your local repo to the remote:

git remote add origin https://github.com/your-account/repo-name.git

This associates your local repo with the GitHub repo.

Now you can push your code to GitHub:

git push -u origin main

This pushes main to the origin remote. The -u flag tracks it as the default remote branch.

To pull latest code from GitHub:

git pull origin main

This fetches and merges changes from the remote main branch into your local repo.

Push and pull allows you to sync code between GitHub and your machine.

Forking and Cloning Repositories

Forking and cloning are great ways to start contributing to open-source projects.

Forking creates a copy of a GitHub repository under your account. You can then clone your fork:

git clone https://github.com/your-account/forked-repo.git

This downloads the forked repo to your machine so you can make changes. Work on a branch:

git checkout -b improvements
# Make changes and commit
git push origin improvements

This pushes your branch to your fork. Finally, open a pull request to the original upstream repository to request your changes be merged.

Fork, clone, branch, change, commit, push, PR - these compose the git workflow for contributing to open source!

Git Best Practices

Follow these best practices as you work with Git:

Write clear, concise commit messages explaining why
Keep a linear commit history with rebases instead of merges
Test locally before pushing to avoid breaking the build
Review your code with linters like Prettier to catch issues
Prune remote branches after merging PRs
Sync your fork to avoid diverging too far from the upstream
Ask for code reviews from contributors when you need help

Adopting these practices early on will help you become a better open-source contributor.

Level Up Your Git Game

You now have a solid end-to-end understanding of Git fundamentals. Here are some more advanced topics to further master version control:

As you tackle more challenging projects, revisit these skills to level up.

Start Contributing to Open Source

You now have the key tools to start collaborating on impactful open-source projects. Here are some great ideas to make your first contribution:

Documentation - Fix documentation typos and gaps in your favorite projects
Beginner Issues - Look for open issues labeled "Good First Issue" or "Help Wanted."
Code Samples - Improve existing examples or add new ones
Visual Design - Create logos, themes, or UI elements to enhance design
Testing - Increase test coverage or correct failing tests
Translation - Help translate docs and UI text into other languages
Bug Triage - Try replicating bug reports and provide additional details

The open-source community is welcoming and encouraging to new contributors. GitHub makes it easy to discover interesting projects. Just filter by your favorite language or topics to get started.

Before you know it, you'll be an open-source git pro!

Why Open Source Contribution Matters

Contributing to open source goes beyond improving your coding skills - it allows you to make an impact and give back. Here's why the open-source contribution is so valuable:

You support projects you rely on and help improve software for everyone
It connects you with an international community of developers
Your contributions provide real value even as a beginner
Open source development process produces higher quality software
Collaborating builds communication, teamwork, and leadership skills
Participating allows you to learn faster from senior developers
Impressive open-source contributions shine on your tech resume
Fosters diversity, inclusion, and belonging in tech

In the open source model, anyone can contribute regardless of their background. By participating, you help create better software that can benefit people everywhere.

Start Contributing

FreeCodeCamp

FreeCodeCamp is a popular open-source code learning platform. Help contribute to lessons, code challenges, tutorials, and more.

First Contributions

First Contribution is a hands-on tutorial for making your first open-source contribution. Great for absolute beginners.

CoderDojo

CoderDojo is a volunteer-led community teaching kids to code. Contribute to their educational materials and open-source projects.

Scratch

Scratch is a programming language and online community for kids. Contribute projects, examples, documentation, and translations.

LibreOffice

LibreOffice is a free and open-source office suite. Help improve features, compatibility, localization, templates, and documentation.

Godot Engine

Godot Engine is an open-source game development engine. If you're interested in game dev, contribute to engine features, demos, tutorials, and docs.

Home Assistant

Home Assistant is an open-source home automation platform. Contribute integrations, improvements, and documentation for smart home tech.

Jupyter

Jupyter is an open-source platform for interactive and exploratory computing. Contribute to Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, widgets, and extensions.

The open-source community is much broader than just the big platforms. These lesser-known projects are still impactful and welcome new contributors.

Final Thoughts

Git enables extremely powerful collaboration workflows for software teams. Mastering it unlocks new opportunities to get involved in impactful open-source projects.

Start small - fix a typo, add documentation, or try tackling a beginner issue. Learn from senior developers during code reviews. Stay engaged with the community.

Before long, you'll become a trusted contributor able to mentor newcomers yourself. Git skills translate directly to success on engineering teams.

So get motivated and start collaborating on open source! Be part of a global community improving software for the benefit of all.

I hope you enjoyed reading this guide and feel motivated to start your Python programming journey.

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