CDs to DNA: The Future of Data Storage 🧬

#datascience #machinelearning #biotechnology #data

"DNA is like a computer program but far, far more advanced than any software ever created."
— Bill Gates

A slight glance into the past

Do you remember the days when we used to buy CDs to play GTA on our computers, or when we saved our summer vacation pictures on a pen drive?
Yeah, that’s how we used to store data in the 2000s.
Let me show you what data storage looked like over the years:

Around 5.74 million terabytes of data is generated each second. (1 Terabyte = 10^12 bytes).
As of 2025, the approximate amount of digital data we’ve generated is around 149 zettabytes (1 zettabyte = 10²¹ bytes).
This includes everything:

Letters from World War I
Photos on your phone
Scientific simulations
Social media videos
Massive “big data” from sensors, servers, and AI.

The graph below shows the dramatic surge in the digital data generated in the past two decades and what can we expect in the next one.

Sure, cloud storage is growing rapidly—but storing all this data purely on the cloud is theoretically possible, yet practically very difficult due to cost, infrastructure, and energy limitations.

So… what’s next?

It’s something that’s been around since the dawn of humanity—DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

The idea of using DNA for digital storage was floated in the 1990s and first implemented in 2012 at Harvard University.
Since DNA stores data at the molecular level, it’s incredibly dense. In fact:
All the world’s data could theoretically fit inside a shoebox of DNA.🤯

How Does DNA Data Storage Work?

Here’s the basic idea:💡

Take your data (say, a photo or a text file)
Convert it into binary (0s and 1s)
Group the binary into 2-bit chunks like 00, 01, 10, 11
Map those to DNA bases:

00 → A (Adenine)
01 → C (Cytosine)
10 → G (Guanine)
11 → T (Thymine)

Now you have a sequence like "ACGTGCA...", which gets chemically synthesized in a lab.

This DNA is dried and stored, where it can last thousands of years without degradation.

Where Are We Right Now?

Scientists have already encoded and decoded books, images, movies, even malware into DNA.
Big tech companies like Microsoft and Twist Bioscience are working to make this faster and cheaper.
We're still in the early stages, but the technology is real and progressing fast.

What About Adding or Updating Data?

Unlike hard drives, DNA is write-once for now—like burning a CD, But researchers are working on rewritable DNA storage using enzymes or modular DNA structures. In the future, you might be able to "edit" DNA storage just like updating a document in the cloud.

Advantages:

First one is simply space: Stores massive amounts of data in a tiny space. Second durability : DNA can last centuries or more if kept in a cool, dry place.Then comes Sustainability: Uses far less energy than traditional servers.Lastly and most importantly Security: Data in DNA is physically hard to access without proper lab tools.

Limitations:

DNA clearly can store an enormous amount of data durably but it comes with its own hurdles :
High Cost ,slow read and write speed making it unsuitable for applications requiring real-time access and ofcourse we cant neglect the errors while sequencing .

Want to Try It? 🤡

If you want to encode your own name into DNA-like code, click the link below:
👉 Encode Your Name in DNA

What’s Next?

DNA is just the beginning. In the coming years, we might see biological hard drives, nano-scale backups, and even living data storage.
This is the future of storage—and we’re just getting started.
Some future techs for storing data that are about to emerge in upcoming years are Holographic Storage, Quantum Storage, Spintronics-based Storage,Optical Storage with 5D Data Storage, Nano-scale Storage with Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene, Phase-Change Memory (PCM) and many more.

📢 Stay Tuned

This was my first post. I’ll be diving deeper into futuristic tech, AI, bioengineering, and more in my coming blogs.
Follow along to stay curious, stay ahead.