Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) is one of the most popular and widely-used compute cloud computing services offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS). It provides highly-available, scalable, and secure computing capacity in the cloud, allowing users to spin up virtual servers quickly.
Be it seasoned IT professionals or beginners, understanding Amazon EC2 is crucial for anyone looking to leverage the power of cloud computing.
This comprehensive guide delves deep into the fundamental attributes of EC2, its constituent elements, and more advanced concepts. It encompasses the initial steps of setting up EC2, effective instance management, and vigilance in terms of security. From actual applications in the real world to strategies for optimizing EC2 administration, this article offers an all-encompassing exploration of becoming adept at EC2 and maximizing the extensive potential of cloud computing.
Amazon EC2: The Concept
Amazon EC2 is a key solution for businesses and organizations seeking agile and cost-effective computing services in the cloud.
Amazon EC2 is an AWS computing web service that allows users to create and manage virtual server, known as Instances, in the cloud.
Amazon EC2's capability to integrate with other AWS services makes it ideal for several use cases. Users are not limited to running just web servers on your Instances, they can also host applications, run batch processing, perform data analysis, and more.
Amazon EC2 is a powerful and flexible cloud computing service. With its scalability, reliability, and security features, Amazon EC2 is the perfect choice for businesses and organizations looking to run their applications in the cloud.
Importance of Cloud Computing and Elastic Cloud
Cloud computing and Elastic Cloud have become significant components in today’s digital landscape. By utilizing cloud computing, companies gain access to IT resources that can be spun up within minutes while paying for only what they use.
Elastic cloud is a significant aspect of cloud computing.
Elastic Cloud offers businesses the ability to dynamically expand and contract computing Resources based on demand.
Cloud computing and Elastic Cloud have emerged as indispensable elements of contemporary enterprises, playing a pivotal role that cannot be emphasized enough. The following key attributes underscore their significance and highlight why they hold such paramount importance:
Flexibility and Scalability: Cloud Computing offers businesses the ability to effortlessly adjust the scale of resources in response to demand fluctuations. This inherent scalability enables swift adaptation to evolving requirements and effectively manages varying levels of website traffic, all without requiring substantial investments in infrastructure.
Cost-Efficiency: Cloud Computing presents a cost-effective solution as organizations only pay for the resources utilized, eliminating the need for significant upfront capital expenses. The pay-as-you-go model enables better budget management.
Reliability: Leading cloud providers guarantee high availability and redundancy, ensuring minimal downtime and uninterrupted service for critical applications and workloads.
Data Security: Reputable cloud service providers implement robust security measures and regular data backups, minimizing the risk of data loss due to hardware failures or security breaches, and ensuring the safety and integrity of critical business information.
Accessibility and Mobility: Cloud Computing allows easy access to applications and data from any internet-connected device, fostering collaboration and enabling employees to work from anywhere, promoting mobility and efficiency.
Innovation: Cloud Computing enables rapid deployment of new applications and services, empowering businesses to stay ahead in a competitive market. It provides developers with the necessary resources and tools to experiment and build innovative solutions.
Global Reach: Cloud Computing enables businesses to expand their global presence without the need to establish physical data centers in various regions. This global reach enhances the user experience for customers worldwide.
Overall, cloud computing and elastic cloud solutions offer organizations a distinct advantage in the contemporary digital landscape. Embracing the potential of cloud technology and harnessing the flexible and scalable capabilities of the elastic cloud, businesses can enhance their efficiency, elevate customer satisfaction, and foster growth while effectively managing expenditures. As cloud technology progresses, it becomes paramount for enterprises to adopt and capitalize on these cutting-edge solutions to remain ahead in a rapidly interconnected and dynamic global environment.
Keys Features and Capabilities of Amazon EC2
Amazon EC2 serves as a fundamental pillar of cloud computing, offering a myriad of outstanding benefits in the cloud. It provides a number of key features and capabilities that makes it a powerful and versatile tool Businesses.
The key features of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) are as follows:
Virtual Servers (Instances): EC2 enables users to effortlessly create and launch virtual servers, known as instances, in the cloud. These instances are fully customizable and support a wide array of operating systems and applications.
Diverse Instance Types: EC2 offers an extensive selection of instance types, each tailored with varying CPU, memory, storage, and networking capabilities. Users can choose the most suitable instance type to match their specific workloads.
Seamless Scalability: EC2 boasts elasticity, allowing instances to be scaled up or down on-demand. This ensures smooth operation during traffic fluctuations and workload changes without any service interruptions.
Pay-as-You-Go Model: EC2 follows a pay-as-you-go pricing model, enabling users to pay only for the compute capacity they consume. This cost-effective approach optimizes expenses and offers flexible pricing solutions.
High Availability: EC2 instances can be deployed across multiple availability zones within a region, guaranteeing fault tolerance and uninterrupted service for mission-critical applications.
Enhanced Security: EC2 employs security groups to manage inbound and outbound traffic for instances, granting administrators the ability to set up rules to enhance data security.
Elastic IP Addresses: Users can allocate and associate elastic IP addresses to EC2 instances, providing static IPs that can be reassigned to different instances as needed.
AMIs for Replication: EC2 allows users to create, customize, and share Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), facilitating effortless replication and deployment of instances with specific configurations.
Auto Scaling: EC2 Auto Scaling dynamically adjusts the number of instances based on predefined scaling policies, ensuring an optimal number of instances to handle varying demands.
Load Balancing: Amazon EC2's Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) efficiently distributes incoming traffic across multiple instances, optimizing application performance and availability.
Seamless Integration: EC2 seamlessly integrates with various AWS services like Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, AWS Lambda, and more, empowering users to build comprehensive and scalable solutions.
Monitoring and Management: EC2 provides robust monitoring capabilities through Amazon CloudWatch, enabling users to collect and track metrics, set alarms, and monitor instance performance.
With these powerful features, Amazon EC2 stands as a fundamental enabler for businesses seeking to harness the full potential of cloud computing and build scalable, flexible, and secure cloud-based solutions.
Components of Amazon EC2
The Amazon EC2 can be broken down into the following components:
- Amazon Machine Image
- Instance types
- Purchase Models
- Tenancy
- User data
- Storage options
- Security
Amazon Machine Image
Amazon Machine Image (AMI) serves as a critical component in Amazon Web Services (AWS), enabling users to launch virtual servers known as instances in the cloud.
AMI is essentially templates of pre-configured EC2 instances which allow users to quickly launch a new EC2 instance based on the configuration within the AMI.
AMI is to EC2 as Recipe is to Dishes.
The first step to launch an EC2 is to choose a suitable AMI for the workloads. This means the provisioned EC2 has the same configurations as the AMI.
Users have several choices when it comes to selecting an AMI:
- Opt for pre-existing AMIs available in the EC2 console.
- Craft their own EC2 image.
- Procure AMIs from the AWS Marketplace.
- Pick from community AMIs - these are AMIs designed by engaged members within the AWS Community.
AWS Marketplace is an online platform provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that allows users to discover, purchase, and deploy a wide variety of third-party software and services directly onto their AWS environment. It serves as a digital storefront where software vendors, developers, and independent software vendors (ISVs) can offer their solutions to AWS customers.
Instance Types
An instance type simply defines the size of the instance based on a number of different parameters, which include:
- ECUs - Elastic Compute Unit
- Physical processor
- Memory
- Virtual CPUs
- Clock Speed
- Incident Storage
- EBS optimized
- Network performance
- IPv6 support
- Process Architecture
- AESNI: Advanced encryption standard new instructions
- AVX instance supports: AVX means advanced vector extensions, which are primarily used for applications focus on audio and video, scientific calculations, and 3D modeling analysis.
- Turbo: which shows if the instance support intel turbo boost and AMD turbo core technologies.
The key parameters to be aware of for general usage of an EC2 instance could be summarized as follows:
- vCPUs 2. Memory 3. Instance Storage _4. _Network performance.
These various instance type are further categorized into six families that offer distinct performances. Users have a range of instance types with varied compute, storage, memory, and network performance to choose from. These families will greatly help users to select the appropriate instance that suit their needs.
The families are:
General Purpose
General Purpose instances provide a balance of compute, memory, and networking resources, and can be used for a variety of diverse workloads. These instances are ideal for applications that use resources in equal proportions such as web services and code repositories.
The instances that falls under these category are:
M7g, M7a, Mac, M6g, M6i ,M6in ,M6a, M5, M5n, M5zn, M5a, M4, T4g, T3, T3a, Tu
Compute Optimized
These instances are ideal for compute bound applications that benefit from high performance processors. Instances belonging to this category are well suited for batch processing workloads, media transcoding, high performance web servers, high performance computing(HPC), scientific modeling, dedicated gaming servers and ad engines, machine learning inference, and other compute intensive applications.
Instances belonging to this category areL C7g, C7gn, C6g, C6gn, C6i, C6in, C6a, C5, C5a, C4
Memory Optimized
Memory optimized instances are designed to deliver fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in the memory.
The instances that falls under this category are: R7g, R7iz, R6g, R6i, R6im, R6a, R5, R5n, R5b, R4, X2gd, x2idn, X2iedn, X2iezn, Xi, Xie, High Memory 2id
AcceLerated Computing
These instances use hardware accelerators or co-processors to perform functions - such as floating point number calculations, graphics processing, or data pattern, matching - more effectively than is possible in software running on CPUs.
Intances are: P5, P4, P3, P2, DLI, Trn1, Inf2, Infi, G5g, G5, G4dn, G4ad, G3, Fi, VTI
Storage Optimized
Storage optimized instances are designed for workloads that require high, sequential read and write access to very large data sets as local storage. They are optimized to deliver tens of thousands of low-latency, random input/output operations per second (IOPS) to applications.
Instances include: I4g, Is4gen, I4i, I3, I3en, D2, D3, D3en, Hi
HPC (High performance computing) Instances
High performance computing instances are purpose built to offer the best price performance for running HPC workloads at scale on AWS. HPC instances are ideal for applications that benefit from high-performance processors such as large, complex simulations and deep learning workloads.
Instances include: Hpc7g, Hpc6id, Hpc6a
Purchase Models
With Amazon EC2, users pay for only the compute time they use.
Amazon EC2 offers several purchase models for different use cases. This allows customers to choose the pricing and payment structure that best suits their needs.
These purchase models determine the pricing and flexibility of EC2 instances, and understanding them is crucial for making informed decisions about AWS infrastructures. These purchase models include:
On-Demand Instances
First among these models is the On-Demand Instances paradigm. Within this realm, users pay for instances on an hourly basis, unburdened by long-term commitments or upfront costs. Such flexibility empowers users to launch and terminate instances at will, devoid of lingering obligations.
On-Demand instances are typically used for short-term workloads. They are best suited for running applications that have unpredictable usage patterns, testing and development environments.
Reserved Instances
With Reserved instances, users pledge to utilize a specific instance type within a designated Availability Zone for a contracted period, often one or three years. This commitment garners substantial discounts in hourly pricing when contrasted with On-Demand instances.
Nevertheless, upfront payments beckon forth supplementary discounts. The greater the upfront sum, the more elevated the discount reaped.
Reserved instances prove advantageous for consistent usage scenarios, offering considerable cost efficiency for long-term, predictable workloads.
Scheduled Instances
Amazon EC2 Scheduled Instances provide a strategic solution within the Amazon Web Services (AWS) framework, catering to both newcomers and seasoned professionals. This option enables users to reserve compute capacity in a precise and scheduled manner, revolutionizing how workloads are managed.
At its core, Scheduled Instances allow individuals to pre-book compute instances for specific time frames. This is exceptionally valuable for tasks that adhere to predictable schedules, such as daily data analysis, weekly batch processing, or other recurring workloads. By reserving instances for these time slots, users ensure availability while optimizing expenses.
Comparable to the pricing structures of On-Demand and Reserved Instances, Scheduled Instances come with a range of customizable options, including instance types and configurations. Billing follows a per-second model, charged for the duration of the scheduled window.
Please be aware that users will incur charges for scheduled instances, even if these instances are not utilized during the specified reservation period.
Spot Instances
Spot Instances offer a unique purchase model where users can bid on unused EC2 capacity, allowing users to take advantage of unused resources at a significantly reduced price.
Spot Instances can provide substantial cost savings, especially for applications with flexible start and end times or that can handle interruptions. However, keep in mind that Spot Instances can be terminated with a two-minute notice if the EC2 capacity becomes constrained or if a user's bid price falls below the current spot price.
Dedicated Instances
Dedicated Instances run on hardware that's dedicated to a single customer, but the instance itself can be launched using On-Demand pricing or as part of a Reserved Instance.
Dedicated Hosts
A dedicated host is a physical EC2 server fully dedicated for a specific user. Dedicated hosts can help reduce costs by allowing the use of existing server-bound software licenses, including windows server, SQL server, and SUSE linux enterprise server. Dedicated Hosts can be purchased On-Demand or can be purchased as part of savings plan.
Dedicated Hosts are recommended for:
- Users looking to save money on licensing costs.
- Workloads that needs to run on dedicated physical servers
- Users looking to offload host maintenance onto AWS, while controlling their maintenance event schedules to suit their businesses's operational costs.
Ultimately, selecting the right purchase model depends on users' application's needs, workload patterns, budget considerations, and required level of flexibility. It's important to assess requirements and match them with the most appropriate EC2 purchase model to maximize the value and efficiency of your AWS infrastructure.
Tenancy
Tenancy relates to what underlying host EC2 instances will reside on. Essentially, physical server within an AWS Data Center.
When it comes to selecting the location for their instances, users have various options available to them, these are:
Shared Tenancy: With shared tenancy, EC2 instances ares launched on any available host with the required resources. The same host may be used by multiple customers but security prevents EC2 instances from accessing another EC2 instances on the host.
Dedicated Instances: Instances are hosted on an hardware that no other customer can access. Users may be required to meet compliances before using dedicated instances.
Dedicated instances incur additional charges
- Dedicated Host: Users have a host dedicated to themselves. Users are allowed to use same host for a number of instances. Just like Dedicated instances, Dedicated hosts also come with extra costs, and users might need to adhere to compliance requirements before utilizing dedicated instances.
User Data
User data allows users to enter commands that will run during the first boot cycle of the instance. This is great way to automatically perform functions upon boot such pulling down any additional software the user wants.
Storage Options
Selecting storage for EC2 instances depends on the instance selected, what the user intends to use the instance for, and how critical the data is.
There are two option for storage:
- Persistent Storage: Available by attaching an EBS Volume(s).
- Ephemeral Storage: Created by EC2 instances using local storage.
Persistent Storage
Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes present an intriguing distinction from the EC2 instances they serve. Unlike ephemeral storage that's directly associated with the instance, EBS volumes exist as distinct entities.
EBS volumes are categorized as network-attached storage devices, establishing a virtual linkage with the EC2 instance through AWS's network infrastructure. This setup is akin to linking an external hard drive to a personal computer – where the external drive mirrors EBS volumes, and the computer corresponds to EC2 instances.
The data within EBS volumes undergoes automated replication across other volumes in the same availability zone. This resiliency, overseen by AWS, ensures data integrity. Users can disengage an EBS volume from an EC2 instance without risking data loss. This capability permits reattachment to another instance if needed. Encryption options are also at users' disposal for added security, with data backup snapshots to Amazon S3 offering an extra layer of safeguarding.
EBS volumes come in various sizes and performance tiers, tailored to your specific requirements. This adaptable framework grants users unparalleled flexibility in optimizing their storage setup.
Ephemeral Storage
Ephemeral storage, often referred to as instance-backed storage, is a form of storage directly linked to the physical host that houses the EC2 instance. Picture it as akin to the hard drive of a personal laptop or PC – a fundamental storage space integrated within the system's hardware.
However, a crucial distinction lies here. With AWS EC2 instances, data stored on ephemeral storage faces a unique trait. When an instance is halted or terminated, any saved data within this ephemeral storage is erased. While a simple reboot preserves the data, stopping the instance eliminates it. This distinct behavior underscores the importance of using Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) volumes for data that necessitates retention beyond instance halts or terminations.
In contrast to the flexibility offered by EBS volumes, the options for ephemeral instance store volumes are more limited. Detaching such volumes from an instance isn't feasible, a factor that underscores the critical role of EBS volumes in ensuring data durability and availability.
Security
During the creation of EC2 instances, users will be asked to select a security group.
Security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more instances. It is an instance-level firewall allowing users to restrict both ingress and egress traffic by specifying what traffic is allowed to communicate with it.
Towards the conclusion of EC2 instance creation process, a pivotal decision arises – the choice to either select an existing key pair or embark on the creation of a new one.
Now, let's dive into the concept of a key pair and its significance in this context.
A key pair entails a duo of essential components: a public key and a private key. This dynamic duo's primary role is to encode the login particulars of Linux and Windows EC2 instances. Upon reaching their destination, these keys decipher the same information, effectively facilitating users seamless authentication onto the instance. Specifically, the public key undertakes the encryption of critical data, such as your username and password.
For Windows instances, the private key assumes the pivotal role of decryption, granting access to vital login credentials, including the password itself.
When it comes to Linux instances, the private key takes on a distinct role – that of enabling remote connections to the instance via SSH. AWS retains the public key, ensuring its safekeeping, while the responsibility of safeguarding the private key falls squarely on the user's shoulders, necessitating vigilance to prevent loss or compromise.
Considering the scenario where users create a fresh EC2 instance and consequently a novel key pair, users are granted the privilege to download this key pair. This downloaded file assumes paramount importance, necessitating a secure storage location until users are prepared to initiate log-in to the associated EC2 instance. Importantly, employing the same key pair across multiple instances offers a convenient means of managing private keys without undue complexity.
It's prudent to note, however, that in the unfortunate event of the private key falling into the wrong hands, unauthorized access could potentially be gained across all instances linked to that particular key pair. Upon the successful authentication users' presence on the EC2 instance during the inaugural login, users possess the capability to establish supplementary, more restricted access controls. This extends to the creation of local Windows accounts, affording other users the ability to establish connections, authenticate, and even harness the capabilities of Microsoft Active Directory.
A sound understanding of these nuanced concepts ensures that your journey into EC2 instance management remains secure and adeptly controlled.
Scalability and Load Balancing
In the expansive domain of cloud architecture, the cornerstones of resilience and performance optimization are embodied by the notions of scalability and load balancing.
Scalability simply means adapting with the tides of demand.
Picture a bustling city where the police force dynamically shifts in response to surging crowds or calming streets. Similarly, in the cloud ecosystem, scalability involves crafting applications that instinctively adjust resources—up or down—in tune with demand shifts.
As if attuned to the city's rhythms, cloud scalability empowers applications to gracefully manage fluctuations in traffic without missing a step.
Load Balancing is the traffic conductor of the cloud
Imagine a conductor orchestrating a symphony of incoming vehicles, deftly steering each to its optimal lane. Likewise, a load balancer artfully distributes incoming traffic across a cluster of resources, optimizing their utilization.
Notably, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing, two robust services, play the roles of conductor in managing the ebb and flow of EC2 instances, ensuring both scalability and load balancing are harmonized.
Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
In the realm of AWS, **Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling **stands as a dynamic solution that reacts to the ever-shifting tides of application traffic.
Picture this scenario: attempting to reach a website that stubbornly remains unresponsive, its servers overwhelmed by the influx of incoming requests.
With Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling, this frustrating encounter transforms into a lesson in seamless application availability. The system intelligently orchestrates the addition or removal of EC2 instances, ensuring that the application remains responsive and resilient, regardless of varying traffic demands.
This automatic dance of scaling unfolds through two strategic maneuvers within Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling: dynamic scaling and predictive scaling.
Dynamic scaling steps in when the demand shifts, dynamically resizing your instance fleet. In contrast, predictive scaling takes a futuristic approach, proactively scheduling the precise number of Amazon EC2 instances based on predicted demand patterns. What's more, these strategies can join forces, enabling applications to scale with swiftness and foresight.
In essence, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling emerges as a sentinel of application availability, adeptly adjusting the troop size of your EC2 instances to the cadence of user requests, all while maintaining a harmonious equilibrium.
Elastic load Balancing
Elastic Load Balancing, a vital service within the AWS ecosystem, takes on the task of seamlessly distributing incoming application traffic across an array of resources, with a primary focus on Amazon EC2 instances.
Imagine this service as a skilled conductor leading a symphony of web traffic. It serves as a singular nexus for all incoming requests destined for your Auto Scaling group. As the number of Amazon EC2 instances dynamically shifts in response to the ebb and flow of incoming traffic, these requests first converge at the load balancer. From here, they're judiciously apportioned across a diverse ensemble of resources ready to take on the tasks. Visualize a network of Amazon EC2 instances sharing the load, preventing any individual instance from bearing an undue burden.
Elastic Load Balancing and Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling may appear as separate entities, but they function in tandem like a well-choreographed dance. Their collaboration is geared toward a common goal: to ensure that applications hosted within Amazon EC2 environments exhibit unwavering performance and availability, even in the face of varying traffic demands. It's this harmony between the two services that contributes to the seamless orchestration of your cloud-based applications.
Within this ever-evolving cloud landscape, understanding the harmonious interplay between scalability and load balancing is an essential compass for architects and enthusiasts alike. These concepts collectively guide the orchestration of applications that seamlessly adapt to demand, ensuring optimal performance and unwavering resilience.
Real-world Use Case of Amazon EC2
Amazon EC2 emerges as a versatile and indispensable tool with an array of real-world applications. Let's delve into a few compelling use cases that illuminate the value of EC2 in diverse contexts:
Web Hosting and Applications: EC2 provides an agile platform for hosting websites and web applications.EC2's flexibility enables users to launch instances with the required compute capacity, effortlessly adjusting to changing demands.
Development and Testing Environments: Traditional on-premises development and testing environments can be resource-intensive and inflexible. EC2 streamlines this process, allowing developers to spin up instances to mirror various environments, ensuring consistency and scalability.
Big Data Processing: Tackling vast datasets demands substantial compute power. EC2 instances can be tailored to manage complex data processing tasks, making it an invaluable asset for data analysis, machine learning, and other data-intensive applications.
High-Performance Computing: EC2 is a go-to choice for computational workloads that necessitate immense processing capability. This includes tasks like scientific simulations, rendering, financial modeling, and more.
Content Delivery: With the help of EC2, users can effortlessly set up content delivery networks (CDNs) to distribute content to their customers around the globe. This optimizes load times and enhances user experiences, critical for websites and applications with a global user base.
Hybrid Cloud Deployments: Organizations often require a blend of cloud and on-premises resources. EC2's compatibility and integration with other AWS services allow for seamless hybrid cloud setups, offering a unified solution for diverse infrastructure needs.
Application Migration: Migrating applications from legacy systems to the cloud can be intricate. EC2 simplifies this process by offering a cloud-native environment that supports a wide array of operating systems and applications.
High Availability and Fault Tolerance: EC2 excels in providing high availability and fault tolerance. By deploying instances across multiple Availability Zones (AZs), you ensure continuity even if one zone experiences downtime.
Containerized Applications: EC2 instances are an ideal host for containerized applications orchestrated through platforms like Amazon ECS or Kubernetes. This approach fosters efficient resource utilization and scalability.
Gaming and Multimedia: EC2's robust computing capabilities are well-suited for hosting multiplayer games and multimedia applications, ensuring seamless performance even under heavy loads.
Amazon EC2 stands as a dynamic solution that empowers organizations to adapt, innovate, and thrive in a technology-driven landscape. Its versatile nature enables the realization of countless possibilities, from streamlining development cycles to revolutionizing complex data processing, all while ensuring optimal performance, scalability, and resilience.
Wrap Up
Amazon EC2 is a comprehensive and versatile cloud computing service offered by Amazon Web Services. It provides scalable and flexible virtual servers, allowing users to easily deploy and manage their applications.
With a wide range of features and options, Amazon EC2 is a valuable tool for businesses and developers. Understanding the capabilities and benefits of Amazon EC2 is crucial for businesses looking to leverage cloud powers. Take the time to familiarize yourself with this powerful service and unleash its potential for your organization.
Top comments (3)
When I first delved into it, I was blown away by its versatility. Picture this: I was a complete newbie, but EC2's user-friendly interface made the journey smooth sailing. It's like having a virtual playground where you can spin up servers in a snap. But here's the kicker: stumbled upon this gem of contracts at atpgov.com. Their resources added another layer of efficiency to my EC2 journey.
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