Let’s face it: as developers, we’re always on the lookout for ways to streamline our workflow and shave precious minutes off our coding time.
Who wants to spend hours wrestling with clunky code when there’s a sleek and efficient solution just around the corner?
Today, I’m sharing 10 JavaScript tricks — some built-in, some custom — that will have you wondering how you ever lived without them.
Great! Let’s move on to the first section. We’ll start with a simple, yet incredibly useful JavaScript feature.
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1. Optional Chaining: Kiss Those TypeErrors Goodbye!
Problem: You’re trying to access a property deep within an object, but you’re not sure if all the properties in the chain exist. This can lead to those dreaded “Cannot read properties of undefined” errors.
const user = {
// address: { street: "123 Main St" }
};
let street = user.address.street;
console.log(street); // Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'street')
Old Painful Solution: You’d have to write a bunch of nested if statements to check if each property exists before trying to access it.
const user = {
// address: { street: "123 Main St" }
};
// The old, painful way:
let street = user && user.address && user.address.street;
console.log(street); // undefined
New Modern Solution: Optional chaining to the rescue! With ?., the expression short-circuits to undefined if a property is missing, preventing errors.
const user = {
// address: { street: "123 Main St" }
};
// The elegant, modern way:
let street = user?.address?.street;
console.log(street); // undefined:
With optional chaining (?.), if any property in the chain is null or undefined, the expression short-circuits and simply returns undefined instead of throwing a dreaded TypeError. No more clunky if statements cluttering up your code!
Real-World Example:
Imagine you’re fetching data from an API, and the response structure might vary. Instead of writing multiple nested checks, optional chaining provides a clean and concise way to access data that may or may not be present.
2. Nullish Coalescing Operator: Default Values Just Got Smarter
Problem: You want to assign a default value to a variable if it’s null or undefined, but you don't want to accidentally override falsy values that might be valid in your code, like 0 or an empty string.
Old Painful Solution: Using the logical OR operator (||) to set defaults could lead to these unintended consequences.
const user = { name: 0 };
// The old way (potentially problematic):
let postCount = user.name || "No posts yet!";
console.log(postCount); // Outputs "No posts yet!", even though 0 might be a valid post count.
New Modern Solution: The nullish coalescing operator (??) saves the day! It only provides the default if the left-hand operand is strictly null or undefined.
const user = { name: 0 };
// The new, improved way:
let postCount = user.name ?? "No posts yet!";
console.log(postCount); // Outputs 0, respecting the actual value of user.name
Our trusty ?? only steps in if the left-hand operand is null or undefined, ensuring the default is used only when intended.
Real-World Example:
Imagine a user profile where 0 is a valid input for "number of posts." Using || to set a default would incorrectly replace 0 with the default. The ?? operator avoids this pitfall, respecting the true meaning of 0 in this context.
3. Object.freeze(): Make It Immutable!
Problem: You have an object, and you want to make sure that none of its properties can be accidentally changed after it’s created. This is especially important for configuration objects or data that should remain constant.
const colors = {
primary: "blue",
secondary: "green"
};
colors.primary = "red"; // Accidental modification is too easy!
console.log(colors.primary); // Outputs "red" - the object was modified
Solution: Object.freeze() makes your object rock-solid! It prevents any further modifications to its properties.
const colors = {
primary: "blue",
secondary: "green"
};
Object.freeze(colors);
colors.primary = "red"; // This will silently fail
console.log(colors.primary); // Still outputs "blue"
Object.freeze() takes an object and makes it immutable. Any attempt to change its properties will be silently ignored. It's like putting your object in a display case – you can look, but you can't touch!
Real-World Example:
Imagine you have configuration settings stored in an object. Using Object.freeze() ensures these settings remain constant throughout your application, preventing accidental modifications that could lead to unexpected behavior.
4. Array Destructuring: Unpacking Made Easy
Problem: You need to extract specific values from an array and assign them to individual variables. Traditional array access using indices can feel a bit clunky, especially for longer arrays.
Old Painful Solution: You’d end up accessing elements by their index, which can be less readable and more error-prone, especially as arrays grow larger.
const rgb = [255, 128, 0];
const red = rgb[0];
const green = rgb[1];
const blue = rgb[2];
console.log(red, green, blue); // 255 128 0
New Modern Solution: Array destructuring provides an elegant and readable way to “unpack” array elements into distinct variables.
const rgb = [255, 128, 0];
const [red, green, blue] = rgb;
console.log(red, green, blue); // 255 128 0
By using square brackets [] on the left-hand side of an assignment, we create a pattern that mirrors the structure of the array. JavaScript then neatly assigns the corresponding values from the array to the variables.
Real-World Example:
Imagine you have an array representing a user’s information: [name, age, city]. With destructuring, you can easily extract these values into separate variables for more readable and maintainable code.
5. Default Parameters: No More Undefined Headaches
Problem: You’re writing a function, and you want to provide default values for parameters in case the caller doesn’t supply them.
Old Painful Solution: You’d have to check if the arguments were undefined within the function body and assign default values manually.
function greet(name, message) {
const userName = name || "Stranger";
const greeting = message || "Hello there!";
console.log(`${greeting}, ${userName}!`);
}
greet(); // Hello there!, Stranger!
greet("Alice"); // Hello there!, Alice!
greet("Bob", "Good morning"); // Good morning, Bob!
New Modern Solution: Default parameters let you specify default values for function parameters directly within the function definition.
By assigning values to parameters in the function signature (name = "Stranger"), we tell JavaScript to use those values if the corresponding arguments are not provided when the function is called.
Real-World Example:
Consider a function that calculates the area of a rectangle. You could set default values for width and height to 1, so if the function is called without arguments, it returns the area of a unit square.
6. Tagged Template Literals: Supercharge Your Strings
Problem: You want to create more powerful and flexible string formatting capabilities beyond what’s offered by basic template literals. You might need custom parsing, escaping, or data transformations within your string construction.
Old Painful Solution: You’d rely on a combination of string concatenation, helper functions, and potentially complex logic to achieve the desired results.
function highlight(text, name) {
// Find the index of the placeholder within the text
const placeholderIndex = text.indexOf("%name%");
if (placeholderIndex !== -1) {
// Replace the placeholder with the actual name
return text.substring(0, placeholderIndex) + name + text.substring(placeholderIndex + 6);
} else {
return text;
}
}
const name = "Alice";
const message = highlight("Welcome, %name%!", name);
console.log(message); // "Welcome, Alice!"
New Modern Solution: Tagged template literals allow you to define custom functions (called “tag functions”) that can process template literal strings before they’re interpolated.
function highlight(strings, ...values) {
let result = '';
for (let i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
result += strings[I];
if (values[i]) {
result += `<span class="highlight">${values[i]}</span>`;
}
}
return result;
}
const name = "Alice";
const message = highlight`Welcome, ${name}!`;
console.log(message); // "Welcome, <span class="highlight">Alice</span>!"
Old Solution: We relied on a separate function (highlight) that took the text and the value to be inserted as separate arguments. We manually searched for a placeholder (%name%) and replaced it. This approach is less flexible, more error-prone (what if the placeholder is wrong?), and doesn't scale well for more complex formatting.
New Solution: With tagged template literals, the highlight function receives the string parts and the interpolated values as separate arguments. This allows for much cleaner manipulation and transformation of the string based on its structure and the provided values.
Real-World Example:
Creating Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs): Build custom templating engines, query builders, or even mini-languages within your JavaScript code.
Internationalization (i18n): Handle translations and localized string formatting based on user preferences.
Security: Implement robust sanitization and escaping mechanisms for user-generated content within strings.
7. Proxy Objects: Intercept and Control
Problem: You need fine-grained control over object operations, such as property access, assignment, function calls, or even object construction. You might want to implement custom validation, logging, or even modify the behavior of existing objects without directly changing their code.
Old Painful Solution: You’d often resort to:
Wrapper Functions: Creating functions that encapsulate object interactions, adding overhead and potentially obscuring the underlying object’s interface.
Overriding Methods: Modifying object prototypes, which can lead to unexpected side effects and conflicts, especially in larger codebases.
const user = {
name: "Alice",
age: 30,
};
function validateAge(age) {
if (age < 0 || age > 120) {
throw new Error("Invalid age value!");
}
return age;
}
// Using a wrapper function to enforce validation
function setUserAge(user, newAge) {
user.age = validateAge(newAge);
}
setUserAge(user, 35); // Works
setUserAge(user, -5); // Throws an error
New Modern Solution: Proxy objects act as intermediaries, intercepting fundamental operations on an object and giving you the power to customize how those operations are handled.
const user = {
name: "Alice",
age: 30,
};
const userProxy = new Proxy(user, {
set: function (target, property, value) {
if (property === "age") {
if (value < 0 || value > 120) {
throw new Error("Invalid age value!");
}
}
// Update the original object's property
target[property] = value;
return true; // Indicate success
},
});
userProxy.age = 35; // Works
userProxy.age = -5; // Throws an error
We create a Proxy object, passing in the target object (user) and a handler object.
The handler object defines “traps” for various operations. In this case, we use the set trap to intercept property assignments.
Inside the set trap, we perform custom validation for the age property.
If the validation passes, we update the original object’s property using target[property] = value.
Real-World Example:
Data Validation and Sanitization: Enforce data integrity rules before saving objects to a database or sending them over a network.
Change Tracking: Log or react to changes made to an object’s properties.
Lazy Loading: Defer loading expensive object properties until they are actually accessed.
8. The Power of reduce(): Beyond Simple Array Summation
Problem: You need to perform sophisticated transformations or calculations on arrays, going beyond simple aggregation like finding the sum or maximum value.
Old Painful Solution: You might resort to:
Imperative Loops: Writing verbose for or while loops, often with nested logic and temporary variables, making the code harder to read and maintain.
Specialized Functions: Creating separate functions for each specific array transformation, leading to code duplication.
const orders = [
{ product: "Shirt", quantity: 2, price: 15 },
{ product: "Shoes", quantity: 1, price: 50 },
{ product: "Hat", quantity: 3, price: 10 },
];
// Calculate the total value of all orders (imperative approach)
let totalValue = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < orders.length; i++) {
totalValue += orders[i].quantity * orders[i].price;
}
console.log(totalValue); // Output: 110
New Modern Solution: The reduce() method provides a versatile way to iterate over an array and "reduce" it to a single value, applying a callback function to each element and accumulating a result.
const orders = [
{ product: "Shirt", quantity: 2, price: 15 },
{ product: "Shoes", quantity: 1, price: 50 },
{ product: "Hat", quantity: 3, price: 10 },
];
// Calculate the total value of all orders using reduce
const totalValue = orders.reduce((accumulator, order) => {
return accumulator + order.quantity * order.price;
}, 0); // Initial value of the accumulator
console.log(totalValue); // Output: 110
reduce() takes two arguments: a callback function and an optional initial value for the accumulator.
The callback function receives the accumulator (which starts with the initial value or the first element) and the current element.
In each iteration, the callback returns the updated accumulator, which is then passed to the next iteration.
The final value returned by reduce() is the accumulated result.
Real-World Example:
- Data Grouping: Transform an array of objects into a grouped object based on a specific property.
const products = [
{ name: "Apple", category: "Fruit" },
{ name: "Banana", category: "Fruit" },
{ name: "Carrot", category: "Vegetable" },
];
const groupedProducts = products.reduce((groups, product) => {
const category = product.category;
if (!groups[category]) {
groups[category] = [];
}
groups[category].push(product);
return groups;
}, {});
console.log(groupedProducts);
// Output: { Fruit: [{...}, {...}], Vegetable: [{...}] }
- Flattening Arrays: Merge nested arrays into a single flat array.
const nestedArray = [1, [2, 3], [4, [5, 6]]];
const flatArray = nestedArray.reduce(
(acc, current) => acc.concat(Array.isArray(current) ? current.flat() : current),[]);
console.log(flatArray); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- Creating Unique Lists: Extract unique values from an array.
const numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5];
const uniqueNumbers = numbers.reduce((unique, number) => {
return unique.includes(number) ? unique : [...unique, number];
}, []);
console.log(uniqueNumbers); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Mastering reduce() unlocks a higher level of array manipulation, allowing you to express complex transformations concisely and elegantly.
9. Spread Syntax for Easy Array and Object Manipulation
Problem: You need to copy arrays, combine them, or insert elements at specific positions. Similarly, you might want to create copies of objects with modified properties. Doing this manually can be tedious and involve loops or multiple lines of code.
Old Painful Solution: You’d use combinations of slice(), concat(), or Object.assign() for these tasks:
Arrays:
const numbers1 = [1, 2, 3];
const numbers2 = [4, 5, 6];
// Concatenating arrays
const combinedArray = numbers1.concat(numbers2);
// Inserting the number 0 at index 2 (the old way)
const newArray = numbers1.slice(0, 2).concat([0], numbers1.slice(2));
Objects:
const product = {
name: "Phone",
price: 499,
};
// Creating a modified copy
const updatedProduct = Object.assign({}, product, { price: 599 });
New Modern Solution: The spread syntax (...) provides a more concise and flexible way to work with arrays and objects:
Arrays:
const numbers1 = [1, 2, 3];
const numbers2 = [4, 5, 6];
// Concatenating arrays
const combinedArray = [...numbers1, ...numbers2];
// Inserting an element
const newArray = [...numbers1.slice(0, 2), 0, ...numbers1.slice(2)];
Objects:
const product = {
name: "Phone",
price: 499,
};
// Creating a modified copy
const updatedProduct = { ...product, price: 599 };
Spread Syntax with Arrays: When used with arrays, ... expands the elements of an array in place.
Spread Syntax with Objects: When used with objects, ... expands the key-value pairs of an object.
Why It’s Easier:
Conciseness: Spread syntax significantly reduces the code required for common array and object operations.
Readability: The code becomes more declarative and easier to understand.
Real-World Example:
- Modifying State in React: Spread syntax is widely used in React and other UI libraries to create updated copies of state objects without mutating the original state:
// Example in a React component
this.setState(prevState => ({
...prevState,
cartItems: [...prevState.cartItems, newItem],
}));
Spread syntax is a versatile tool that simplifies array and object manipulation, making your code more concise, readable, and maintainable.
10. Arrow Functions: A Concise Syntax for Functions
Problem: You often need to write short, anonymous functions for event handlers, callbacks, or array methods, but the traditional function syntax can feel a bit verbose in these cases.
Old Painful Solution: You’d use the function keyword to define anonymous functions:
// Example with an array method
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const doubledNumbers = numbers.map(function(number) {
return number * 2;
});
console.log(doubledNumbers); // Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
New Modern Solution: Arrow functions (=>) provide a more compact syntax for writing functions, especially for short function bodies:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const doubledNumbers = numbers.map((number) => number * 2);
console.log(doubledNumbers); // Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
Syntax: An arrow function is defined with parentheses for parameters (or a single parameter without parentheses), followed by the arrow (=>), and then the function body.
Implicit Return: If the function body contains a single expression, the result of that expression is implicitly returned without needing the return keyword.
Lexical this Binding: Arrow functions don't have their own this binding. They inherit this from the surrounding scope, which can be very useful in certain situations (we'll explore this in a later example).
Why It’s Easier:
Shorter Syntax: Arrow functions significantly reduce the code required to define simple functions.
Improved Readability: The code becomes more concise and easier to follow, especially when used with array methods.
Real-World Example:
- Event Handlers: Arrow functions are very common when attaching event listeners:
const button = document.getElementById("myButton");
button.addEventListener("click", () => {
console.log("Button clicked!");
});
Ready for More? 🚀
This is just the beginning! The world of JavaScript is vast. 🌎
Keep experimenting, keep learning, and never be afraid to break things (in a safe coding environment, of course! 😅).
Want to stay connected? Follow me on Instagram @codingwithjd for more coding tips, tricks, and even some bad programming jokes. 😉
Top comments (8)
Where are the hacks? All I see listed are standard language features
I the hacks are what we used to do!
These are not hacks. They're standards to improve codes
Hacks where?
Although this can not be stated as facts over features, but still amazing list, I use most of them but some were even new to me like proxy and object freeze ( I just completed my js so not master at all )
Great list. I use most of these, except for the Proxy, which I'm going to start using.
I think the criticism that these aren't hacks is true, but what I would say is that if you were writing JS before ES6 introduced most of these features, they felt very much like hacks. The Class object syntax was similarly a game changer (React adopted it soon after). I love all of these modern features, especially Reduce and the other array methods.
Good list
The proxy pattern is pretty cool. Object freezing is great. We use those at work as pseudo enums.