Haardik for LearnWeb3 DAO

Posted on May 15, 2022

Build an on-chain DAO for your NFT holders on Ethereum using Solidity, Next.js, ethers.js, Web3Modal

#web3 #blockchain #javascript #nextjs

Building a DAO

What is a DAO?

DAO stands for Decentralized Autonomous Organization. You can think of DAOs as analogous to companies in the real world. Essentially, DAOs allow for members to create and vote on governance decisions.

In traditional companies, when a decision needs to be made, the board of directors or executives of the company are in charge of making that decision. In a DAO, however, this process is democratized, and any member can create a proposal, and all other members can vote on it. Each proposal created has a deadline for voting, and after the deadline the decision is made in favour of the voting outcome (YES or NO).

Membership in DAOs is typically restricted either by ownership of ERC20 tokens, or by ownership of NFTs. Examples of DAOs where membership and voting power is proportional to how many tokens you own include Uniswap and ENS. Examples of DAOs where they are based on NFTs include Meebits DAO.

Building our DAO

You want to launch a DAO for holders of your CryptoDevs NFTs. From the ETH that was gained through the ICO, you built up a DAO Treasury. The DAO now has a lot of ETH, but currently does nothing with it.

You want to allow your NFT holders to create and vote on proposals to use that ETH for purchasing other NFTs from an NFT marketplace, and speculate on price. Maybe in the future when you sell the NFT back, you split the profits among all members of the DAO.

Requirements

Anyone with a CryptoDevs NFT can create a proposal to purchase a different NFT from an NFT marketplace
Everyone with a CryptoDevs NFT can vote for or against the active proposals
Each NFT counts as one vote for each proposal
Voter cannot vote multiple times on the same proposal with the same NFT
If majority of the voters vote for the proposal by the deadline, the NFT purchase is automatically executed

What we will make

To be able to purchase NFTs automatically when a proposal is passed, you need an on-chain NFT marketplace that you can call a purchase() function on. There exist a lot of NFT marketplaces out there, but to avoid overcomplicating things, we will create a simplified fake NFT marketplace for this tutorial as the focus is on the DAO.
We will also make the actual DAO smart contract using Hardhat.
We will make the website using Next.js to allow users to create and vote on proposals

Prerequisites

You have completed the NFT-Collection Tutorial
You must have some ETH to give to the DAO Treasury

BUIDL IT

Smart Contract Development

We will start off with first creating the smart contracts. We will be making two smart contracts:

FakeNFTMarketplace.sol
CryptoDevsDAO.sol

To do so, we will use the Hardhat development framework we have been using for the last few tutorials.

Create a folder for this project named DAO-Tutorial, and open up a Terminal window in that folder.
Setup a new hardhat project by running the following commands in your terminal:

  mkdir hardhat-tutorial
  cd hardhat-tutorial
  npm init --yes
  npm install --save-dev hardhat

Now that you have installed Hardhat, we can setup a project. Execute the following command in your terminal.

In the same directory where you installed Hardhat run:

  npx hardhat

Select Create a basic sample project
Press enter for the already specified Hardhat Project root
Press enter for the question on if you want to add a .gitignore
Press enter for Do you want to install this sample project's dependencies with npm (@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle ethereum-waffle chai @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers ethers)?

Now you have a hardhat project ready to go!

If you are not on mac, please do this extra step and install these libraries as well :)
```
npm install --save-dev @nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle ethereum-waffle chai @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers ethers
```

and press Enter for all the questions (Choose the Create a basic sample project) option.

Now, let's install the @openzeppelin/contracts package from NPM as we will be using OpenZeppelin's Ownable Contract for the DAO contract.

  npm install @openzeppelin/contracts

First, let's make a simple Fake NFT Marketplace. Create a file named FakeNFTMarketplace.sol under the contracts directory within hardhat-tutorial, and add the following code.

  // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

  contract FakeNFTMarketplace {
      /// @dev Maintain a mapping of Fake TokenID to Owner addresses
      mapping(uint256 => address) public tokens;
      /// @dev Set the purchase price for each Fake NFT
      uint256 nftPrice = 0.1 ether;

      /// @dev purchase() accepts ETH and marks the owner of the given tokenId as the caller address
      /// @param _tokenId - the fake NFT token Id to purchase
      function purchase(uint256 _tokenId) external payable {
          require(msg.value == nftPrice, "This NFT costs 0.1 ether");
          tokens[_tokenId] = msg.sender;
      }

      /// @dev getPrice() returns the price of one NFT
      function getPrice() external view returns (uint256) {
          return nftPrice;
      }

      /// @dev available() checks whether the given tokenId has already been sold or not
      /// @param _tokenId - the tokenId to check for
      function available(uint256 _tokenId) external view returns (bool) {
          // address(0) = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
          // This is the default value for addresses in Solidity
          if (tokens[_tokenId] == address(0)) {
              return true;
          }
          return false;
      }
  }

The FakeNFTMarketplace exposes some basic functions that we will be using from the DAO contract to purchase NFTs if a proposal is passed. A real NFT marketplace would be more complicated - as not all NFTs have the same price.
Let's make sure everything compiles before we start writing the DAO Contract. Run the following command inside the hardhat-tutorial folder from your Terminal.

  npx hardhat compile

and make sure there are no compilation errors.

Now, we will start writing the CryptoDevsDAO contract. Since this is mostly a completely custom contract, and relatively more complicated than what we have done so far, we will explain this one bit-by-bit.
First, let's write the boilerplate code for the contract. Create a new file named CryptoDevsDAO.sol under the contracts directory in hardhat-tutorial and add the following code to it.

  // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

  import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";

  // We will add the Interfaces here

  contract CryptoDevsDAO is Ownable {
      // We will write contract code here
  }

Now, we will need to call functions on the FakeNFTMarketplace contract, and your previously deployed CryptoDevs NFT contract. Recall from the Advanced Solidity Topics tutorial that we need to provide an interface for those contracts, so this contract knows which functions are available to call and what they take as parameters and what they return.
Add the following two interfaces to your code by adding the following code

  /**
   * Interface for the FakeNFTMarketplace
   */
  interface IFakeNFTMarketplace {
      /// @dev getPrice() returns the price of an NFT from the FakeNFTMarketplace
      /// @return Returns the price in Wei for an NFT
      function getPrice() external view returns (uint256);

      /// @dev available() returns whether or not the given _tokenId has already been purchased
      /// @return Returns a boolean value - true if available, false if not
      function available(uint256 _tokenId) external view returns (bool);

      /// @dev purchase() purchases an NFT from the FakeNFTMarketplace
      /// @param _tokenId - the fake NFT tokenID to purchase
      function purchase(uint256 _tokenId) external payable;
  }

  /**
   * Minimal interface for CryptoDevsNFT containing only two functions
   * that we are interested in
   */
  interface ICryptoDevsNFT {
      /// @dev balanceOf returns the number of NFTs owned by the given address
      /// @param owner - address to fetch number of NFTs for
      /// @return Returns the number of NFTs owned
      function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

      /// @dev tokenOfOwnerByIndex returns a tokenID at given index for owner
      /// @param owner - address to fetch the NFT TokenID for
      /// @param index - index of NFT in owned tokens array to fetch
      /// @return Returns the TokenID of the NFT
      function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index)
          external
          view
          returns (uint256);
  }

Now, let's think about what functionality we need in the DAO contract.
- Store created proposals in contract state
- Allow holders of the CryptoDevs NFT to create new proposals
- Allow holders of the CryptoDevs NFT to vote on proposals, given they haven't already voted, and that the proposal hasn't passed it's deadline yet
- Allow holders of the CryptoDevs NFT to execute a proposal after it's deadline has been exceeded, triggering an NFT purchase in case it passed
Let's start off by creating a struct representing a Proposal. In your contract, add the following code:

  // Create a struct named Proposal containing all relevant information
  struct Proposal {
      // nftTokenId - the tokenID of the NFT to purchase from FakeNFTMarketplace if the proposal passes
      uint256 nftTokenId;
      // deadline - the UNIX timestamp until which this proposal is active. Proposal can be executed after the deadline has been exceeded.
      uint256 deadline;
      // yayVotes - number of yay votes for this proposal
      uint256 yayVotes;
      // nayVotes - number of nay votes for this proposal
      uint256 nayVotes;
      // executed - whether or not this proposal has been executed yet. Cannot be executed before the deadline has been exceeded.
      bool executed;
      // voters - a mapping of CryptoDevsNFT tokenIDs to booleans indicating whether that NFT has already been used to cast a vote or not
      mapping(uint256 => bool) voters;
  }

Let's also create a mapping from Proposal IDs to Proposals to hold all created proposals, and a counter to count the number of proposals that exist.

  // Create a mapping of ID to Proposal
  mapping(uint256 => Proposal) public proposals;
  // Number of proposals that have been created
  uint256 public numProposals;

Now, since we will be calling functions on the FakeNFTMarketplace and CryptoDevsNFT contract, let's initialize variables for those contracts.

  IFakeNFTMarketplace nftMarketplace;
  ICryptoDevsNFT cryptoDevsNFT;

Create a constructor function that will initialize those contract variables, and also accept an ETH deposit from the deployer to fill the DAO ETH treasury. (In the background, since we imported the Ownable contract, this will also set the contract deployer as the owner of this contract)

  // Create a payable constructor which initializes the contract
  // instances for FakeNFTMarketplace and CryptoDevsNFT
  // The payable allows this constructor to accept an ETH deposit when it is being deployed
  constructor(address _nftMarketplace, address _cryptoDevsNFT) payable {
      nftMarketplace = IFakeNFTMarketplace(_nftMarketplace);
      cryptoDevsNFT = ICryptoDevsNFT(_cryptoDevsNFT);
  }

Now, since we want pretty much all of our other functions to only be called by those who own NFTs from the CryptoDevs NFT contract, we will create a modifier to avoid duplicating code.

  // Create a modifier which only allows a function to be
  // called by someone who owns at least 1 CryptoDevsNFT
  modifier nftHolderOnly() {
      require(cryptoDevsNFT.balanceOf(msg.sender) > 0, "NOT_A_DAO_MEMBER");
      _;
  }

We now have enough to write our createProposal function, which will allow members to create new proposals.

  /// @dev createProposal allows a CryptoDevsNFT holder to create a new proposal in the DAO
  /// @param _nftTokenId - the tokenID of the NFT to be purchased from FakeNFTMarketplace if this proposal passes
  /// @return Returns the proposal index for the newly created proposal
  function createProposal(uint256 _nftTokenId)
      external
      nftHolderOnly
      returns (uint256)
  {
      require(nftMarketplace.available(_nftTokenId), "NFT_NOT_FOR_SALE");
      Proposal storage proposal = proposals[numProposals];
      proposal.nftTokenId = _nftTokenId;
      // Set the proposal's voting deadline to be (current time + 5 minutes)
      proposal.deadline = block.timestamp + 5 minutes;

      numProposals++;

      return numProposals - 1;
  }

Now, to vote on a proposal, we want to add an additional restriction that the proposal being voted on must not have had it's deadline exceeded. To do so, we will create a second modifier.

  // Create a modifier which only allows a function to be
  // called if the given proposal's deadline has not been exceeded yet
  modifier activeProposalOnly(uint256 proposalIndex) {
      require(
          proposals[proposalIndex].deadline > block.timestamp,
          "DEADLINE_EXCEEDED"
      );
      _;
  }

Note how this modifier takes a parameter!

Additionally, since a vote can only be one of two values (YAY or NAY) - we can create an enum representing possible options.

  // Create an enum named Vote containing possible options for a vote
  enum Vote {
      YAY, // YAY = 0
      NAY // NAY = 1
  }

Let's write the voteOnProposal function

  /// @dev voteOnProposal allows a CryptoDevsNFT holder to cast their vote on an active proposal
  /// @param proposalIndex - the index of the proposal to vote on in the proposals array
  /// @param vote - the type of vote they want to cast
  function voteOnProposal(uint256 proposalIndex, Vote vote)
      external
      nftHolderOnly
      activeProposalOnly(proposalIndex)
  {
      Proposal storage proposal = proposals[proposalIndex];

      uint256 voterNFTBalance = cryptoDevsNFT.balanceOf(msg.sender);
      uint256 numVotes = 0;

      // Calculate how many NFTs are owned by the voter
      // that haven't already been used for voting on this proposal
      for (uint256 i = 0; i < voterNFTBalance; i++) {
          uint256 tokenId = cryptoDevsNFT.tokenOfOwnerByIndex(msg.sender, i);
          if (proposal.voters[tokenId] == false) {
              numVotes++;
              proposal.voters[tokenId] = true;
          }
      }
      require(numVotes > 0, "ALREADY_VOTED");

      if (vote == Vote.YAY) {
          proposal.yayVotes += numVotes;
      } else {
          proposal.nayVotes += numVotes;
      }
  }

We're almost done! To execute a proposal whose deadline has exceeded, we will create our final modifier.

  // Create a modifier which only allows a function to be
  // called if the given proposals' deadline HAS been exceeded
  // and if the proposal has not yet been executed
  modifier inactiveProposalOnly(uint256 proposalIndex) {
      require(
          proposals[proposalIndex].deadline <= block.timestamp,
          "DEADLINE_NOT_EXCEEDED"
      );
      require(
          proposals[proposalIndex].executed == false,
          "PROPOSAL_ALREADY_EXECUTED"
      );
      _;
  }

Note this modifier also takes a parameter!

Let's write the code for executeProposal

  /// @dev executeProposal allows any CryptoDevsNFT holder to execute a proposal after it's deadline has been exceeded
  /// @param proposalIndex - the index of the proposal to execute in the proposals array
  function executeProposal(uint256 proposalIndex)
      external
      nftHolderOnly
      inactiveProposalOnly(proposalIndex)
  {
      Proposal storage proposal = proposals[proposalIndex];

      // If the proposal has more YAY votes than NAY votes
      // purchase the NFT from the FakeNFTMarketplace
      if (proposal.yayVotes > proposal.nayVotes) {
          uint256 nftPrice = nftMarketplace.getPrice();
          require(address(this).balance >= nftPrice, "NOT_ENOUGH_FUNDS");
          nftMarketplace.purchase{value: nftPrice}(proposal.nftTokenId);
      }
      proposal.executed = true;
  }

We have at this point implemented all the core functionality. However, there are a couple of additional features we could and should implement.
- Allow the contract owner to withdraw the ETH from the DAO if needed
- Allow the contract to accept further ETH deposits
The Ownable contract we inherit from contains a modifier onlyOwner which restricts a function to only be able to be called by the contract owner. Let's implement withdrawEther using that modifier.

  /// @dev withdrawEther allows the contract owner (deployer) to withdraw the ETH from the contract
  function withdrawEther() external onlyOwner {
      payable(owner()).transfer(address(this).balance);
  }

This will transfer the entire ETH balance of the contract to the owner address

Finally, to allow for adding more ETH deposits to the DAO treasury, we need to add some special functions. Normally, contract addresses cannot accept ETH sent to them, unless it was through a payable function. But we don't want users to call functions just to deposit money, they should be able to tranfer ETH directly from their wallet. For that, let's add these two functions:

  // The following two functions allow the contract to accept ETH deposits
  // directly from a wallet without calling a function
  receive() external payable {}

  fallback() external payable {}

Smart Contract Deployment

Now that we have written both our contracts, let's deploy them to the Rinkeby Testnet. Ensure you have some ETH on the Rinkeby Testnet.

Install the dotenv package from NPM to be able to use environment variables specified in .env files in the hardhat.config.js. Execute the following command in your Terminal in the hardhat-tutorial directory.

  npm install dotenv

Now create a .env file in the hardhat-tutorial directory and set the following two environment variables. Follow the instructions to get their values. Make sure the Rinkeby private key you use is has ETH on the Rinkeby Testnet.

  // Go to https://www.alchemyapi.io, sign up, create
  // a new App in its dashboard and select the network as Rinkeby, and replace "add-the-alchemy-key-url-here" with its key url
  ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL="add-the-alchemy-key-url-here"

  // Replace this private key with your RINKEBY account private key
  // To export your private key from Metamask, open Metamask and
  // go to Account Details > Export Private Key
  // Be aware of NEVER putting real Ether into testing accounts
  RINKEBY_PRIVATE_KEY="add-the-rinkeby-private-key-here"

Now, let's write a deployment script to automatically deploy both our contracts for us. Create a new file named deploy.js under hardhat-tutorial/scripts, and add the following code:

  const { ethers } = require("hardhat");
  const { CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS } = require("../constants");

  async function main() {
    // Deploy the FakeNFTMarketplace contract first
    const FakeNFTMarketplace = await ethers.getContractFactory(
      "FakeNFTMarketplace"
    );
    const fakeNftMarketplace = await FakeNFTMarketplace.deploy();
    await fakeNftMarketplace.deployed();

    console.log("FakeNFTMarketplace deployed to: ", fakeNftMarketplace.address);

    // Now deploy the CryptoDevsDAO contract
    const CryptoDevsDAO = await ethers.getContractFactory("CryptoDevsDAO");
    const cryptoDevsDAO = await CryptoDevsDAO.deploy(
      fakeNftMarketplace.address,
      CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
      {
        // This assumes your account has at least 1 ETH in it's account
        // Change this value as you want
        value: ethers.utils.parseEther("1"),
      }
    );
    await cryptoDevsDAO.deployed();

    console.log("CryptoDevsDAO deployed to: ", cryptoDevsDAO.address);
  }

  main()
    .then(() => process.exit(0))
    .catch((error) => {
      console.error(error);
      process.exit(1);
    });

As you may have noticed, deploy.js imports a variable called CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS from a file named constants. Let's make that. Create a new file named constants.js in the hardhat-tutorial directory.

  // Replace the value with your NFT contract address
  const CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS =
    "YOUR_CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS_HERE";

  module.exports = { CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS };

Now, let's add the Rinkeby Network to your Hardhat Config so we can deploy to Rinkeby. Open your hardhat.config.js file and replace it with the following:

  require("@nomiclabs/hardhat-waffle");
  require("dotenv").config({ path: ".env" });

  const ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL = process.env.ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL;

  const RINKEBY_PRIVATE_KEY = process.env.RINKEBY_PRIVATE_KEY;

  module.exports = {
    solidity: "0.8.4",
    networks: {
      rinkeby: {
        url: ALCHEMY_API_KEY_URL,
        accounts: [RINKEBY_PRIVATE_KEY],
      },
    },
  };

Let's make sure everything compiles before proceeding. Execute the following command from your Terminal within the hardhat-tutorial folder.

  npx hardhat compile

and make sure there are no compilation errors.
If you do face compilation errors, try comparing your code against the final version present here

Let's deploy! Execute the following command in your Terminal from the hardhat-tutorial directory

  npx hardhat run scripts/deploy.js --network rinkeby

Save the FakeNFTMarketplace and CryptoDevsDAO contract addresses that get printed in your Terminal. You will need those later.

Frontend Development

Whew! So much coding!

We've successfully developed and deployed our contracts to the Rinkeby Testnet. Now, it's time to build the Frontend interface so users can create and vote on proposals from the website.

To develop the website, we will be using Next.js as we have so far, which is a meta-framework built on top of React.

Let's get started by creating a new next app. Your folder structure should look like this after setting up the next app:

  - DAO-Tutorial
      - hardhat-tutorial
      - my-app

To create my-app, execute the following command in your Terminal within the DAO-Tutorial directory

  npx create-next-app@latest

and press Enter for all the question prompts. This should create the my-app folder and setup a basic Next.js project.

Let's see if everything works. Run the following in your Terminal

  cd my-app
  npm run dev

Your website should be up and running at http://localhost:3000. However, this is a basic starter Next.js project and we need to add code for it to do what we want.
Let's install the web3modal and ethers library. Web3Modal will allow us to support connecting to wallets in the browser, and Ethers will be used to interact with the blockchain. Run this in your Terminal from the my-app directory.

  npm install web3modal ethers

Download and save the following file as 0.svg in my-app/public/cryptodevs. We will display this image on the webpage. NOTE: You need to create the cryptodevs folder inside public. Download Image
Add the following CSS styles in my-app/styles/Home.modules.css

  .main {
    min-height: 90vh;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
  }

  .footer {
    display: flex;
    padding: 2rem 0;
    border-top: 1px solid #eaeaea;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
  }

  .image {
    width: 70%;
    height: 50%;
    margin-left: 20%;
  }

  .title {
    font-size: 2rem;
    margin: 2rem 0;
  }

  .description {
    line-height: 1;
    margin: 2rem 0;
    font-size: 1.2rem;
  }

  .button {
    border-radius: 4px;
    background-color: blue;
    border: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-size: 15px;
    padding: 10px;
    width: 200px;
    cursor: pointer;
    margin-right: 2%;
  }

  .button2 {
    border-radius: 4px;
    background-color: indigo;
    border: none;
    color: #ffffff;
    font-size: 15px;
    padding: 10px;
    cursor: pointer;
    margin-right: 2%;
    margin-top: 1rem;
  }

  .proposalCard {
    width: fit-content;
    margin-top: 0.25rem;
    border: black 2px solid;
    flex: 1;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .container {
    margin-top: 2rem;
  }

  .flex {
    flex: 1;
    justify-content: space-between;
  }

  @media (max-width: 1000px) {
    .main {
      width: 100%;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
    }
  }

The website also needs to read/write data from two smart contracts - CryptoDevsDAO and CryptoDevsNFT. Let's store their contract addresses and ABIs in a constants file. Create a constants.js file in the my-app directory.

  export const CRYPTODEVS_DAO_CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "";
  export const CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS = "";

  export const CRYPTODEVS_DAO_ABI = [];
  export const CRYPTODEVS_NFT_ABI = [];

Replace the contract address and ABI values with your relevant contract addresses and ABIs.
Now for the actual cool website code. Open up my-app/pages/index.js and write the following code. Explanation of the code can be found in the comments.

  import { Contract, providers } from "ethers";
  import { formatEther } from "ethers/lib/utils";
  import Head from "next/head";
  import { useEffect, useRef, useState } from "react";
  import Web3Modal from "web3modal";
  import {
    CRYPTODEVS_DAO_ABI,
    CRYPTODEVS_DAO_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
    CRYPTODEVS_NFT_ABI,
    CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
  } from "../constants";
  import styles from "../styles/Home.module.css";

  export default function Home() {
    // ETH Balance of the DAO contract
    const [treasuryBalance, setTreasuryBalance] = useState("0");
    // Number of proposals created in the DAO
    const [numProposals, setNumProposals] = useState("0");
    // Array of all proposals created in the DAO
    const [proposals, setProposals] = useState([]);
    // User's balance of CryptoDevs NFTs
    const [nftBalance, setNftBalance] = useState(0);
    // Fake NFT Token ID to purchase. Used when creating a proposal.
    const [fakeNftTokenId, setFakeNftTokenId] = useState("");
    // One of "Create Proposal" or "View Proposals"
    const [selectedTab, setSelectedTab] = useState("");
    // True if waiting for a transaction to be mined, false otherwise.
    const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
    // True if user has connected their wallet, false otherwise
    const [walletConnected, setWalletConnected] = useState(false);
    const web3ModalRef = useRef();

    // Helper function to connect wallet
    const connectWallet = async () => {
      try {
        await getProviderOrSigner();
        setWalletConnected(true);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Reads the ETH balance of the DAO contract and sets the `treasuryBalance` state variable
    const getDAOTreasuryBalance = async () => {
      try {
        const provider = await getProviderOrSigner();
        const balance = await provider.getBalance(
          CRYPTODEVS_DAO_CONTRACT_ADDRESS
        );
        setTreasuryBalance(balance.toString());
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Reads the number of proposals in the DAO contract and sets the `numProposals` state variable
    const getNumProposalsInDAO = async () => {
      try {
        const provider = await getProviderOrSigner();
        const contract = getDaoContractInstance(provider);
        const daoNumProposals = await contract.numProposals();
        setNumProposals(daoNumProposals.toString());
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Reads the balance of the user's CryptoDevs NFTs and sets the `nftBalance` state variable
    const getUserNFTBalance = async () => {
      try {
        const signer = await getProviderOrSigner(true);
        const nftContract = getCryptodevsNFTContractInstance(signer);
        const balance = await nftContract.balanceOf(signer.getAddress());
        setNftBalance(parseInt(balance.toString()));
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Calls the `createProposal` function in the contract, using the tokenId from `fakeNftTokenId`
    const createProposal = async () => {
      try {
        const signer = await getProviderOrSigner(true);
        const daoContract = getDaoContractInstance(signer);
        const txn = await daoContract.createProposal(fakeNftTokenId);
        setLoading(true);
        await txn.wait();
        await getNumProposalsInDAO();
        setLoading(false);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
        window.alert(error.data.message);
      }
    };

    // Helper function to fetch and parse one proposal from the DAO contract
    // Given the Proposal ID
    // and converts the returned data into a Javascript object with values we can use
    const fetchProposalById = async (id) => {
      try {
        const provider = await getProviderOrSigner();
        const daoContract = getDaoContractInstance(provider);
        const proposal = await daoContract.proposals(id);
        const parsedProposal = {
          proposalId: id,
          nftTokenId: proposal.nftTokenId.toString(),
          deadline: new Date(parseInt(proposal.deadline.toString()) * 1000),
          yayVotes: proposal.yayVotes.toString(),
          nayVotes: proposal.nayVotes.toString(),
          executed: proposal.executed,
        };
        return parsedProposal;
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Runs a loop `numProposals` times to fetch all proposals in the DAO
    // and sets the `proposals` state variable
    const fetchAllProposals = async () => {
      try {
        const proposals = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < numProposals; i++) {
          const proposal = await fetchProposalById(i);
          proposals.push(proposal);
        }
        setProposals(proposals);
        return proposals;
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
      }
    };

    // Calls the `voteOnProposal` function in the contract, using the passed
    // proposal ID and Vote
    const voteOnProposal = async (proposalId, _vote) => {
      try {
        const signer = await getProviderOrSigner(true);
        const daoContract = getDaoContractInstance(signer);

        let vote = _vote === "YAY" ? 0 : 1;
        const txn = await daoContract.voteOnProposal(proposalId, vote);
        setLoading(true);
        await txn.wait();
        setLoading(false);
        await fetchAllProposals();
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
        window.alert(error.data.message);
      }
    };

    // Calls the `executeProposal` function in the contract, using
    // the passed proposal ID
    const executeProposal = async (proposalId) => {
      try {
        const signer = await getProviderOrSigner(true);
        const daoContract = getDaoContractInstance(signer);
        const txn = await daoContract.executeProposal(proposalId);
        setLoading(true);
        await txn.wait();
        setLoading(false);
        await fetchAllProposals();
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(error);
        window.alert(error.data.message);
      }
    };

    // Helper function to fetch a Provider/Signer instance from Metamask
    const getProviderOrSigner = async (needSigner = false) => {
      const provider = await web3ModalRef.current.connect();
      const web3Provider = new providers.Web3Provider(provider);

      const { chainId } = await web3Provider.getNetwork();
      if (chainId !== 4) {
        window.alert("Please switch to the Rinkeby network!");
        throw new Error("Please switch to the Rinkeby network");
      }

      if (needSigner) {
        const signer = web3Provider.getSigner();
        return signer;
      }
      return web3Provider;
    };

    // Helper function to return a DAO Contract instance
    // given a Provider/Signer
    const getDaoContractInstance = (providerOrSigner) => {
      return new Contract(
        CRYPTODEVS_DAO_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
        CRYPTODEVS_DAO_ABI,
        providerOrSigner
      );
    };

    // Helper function to return a CryptoDevs NFT Contract instance
    // given a Provider/Signer
    const getCryptodevsNFTContractInstance = (providerOrSigner) => {
      return new Contract(
        CRYPTODEVS_NFT_CONTRACT_ADDRESS,
        CRYPTODEVS_NFT_ABI,
        providerOrSigner
      );
    };

    // piece of code that runs everytime the value of `walletConnected` changes
    // so when a wallet connects or disconnects
    // Prompts user to connect wallet if not connected
    // and then calls helper functions to fetch the
    // DAO Treasury Balance, User NFT Balance, and Number of Proposals in the DAO
    useEffect(() => {
      if (!walletConnected) {
        web3ModalRef.current = new Web3Modal({
          network: "rinkeby",
          providerOptions: {},
          disableInjectedProvider: false,
        });

        connectWallet().then(() => {
          getDAOTreasuryBalance();
          getUserNFTBalance();
          getNumProposalsInDAO();
        });
      }
    }, [walletConnected]);

    // Piece of code that runs everytime the value of `selectedTab` changes
    // Used to re-fetch all proposals in the DAO when user switches
    // to the 'View Proposals' tab
    useEffect(() => {
      if (selectedTab === "View Proposals") {
        fetchAllProposals();
      }
    }, [selectedTab]);

    // Render the contents of the appropriate tab based on `selectedTab`
    function renderTabs() {
      if (selectedTab === "Create Proposal") {
        return renderCreateProposalTab();
      } else if (selectedTab === "View Proposals") {
        return renderViewProposalsTab();
      }
      return null;
    }

    // Renders the 'Create Proposal' tab content
    function renderCreateProposalTab() {
      if (loading) {
        return (
          <div className={styles.description}>
            Loading... Waiting for transaction...
          </div>
        );
      } else if (nftBalance === 0) {
        return (
          <div className={styles.description}>
            You do not own any CryptoDevs NFTs. <br />
            <b>You cannot create or vote on proposals</b>
          </div>
        );
      } else {
        return (
          <div className={styles.container}>
            <label>Fake NFT Token ID to Purchase: </label>
            <input
              placeholder="0"
              type="number"
              onChange={(e) => setFakeNftTokenId(e.target.value)}
            />
            <button className={styles.button2} onClick={createProposal}>
              Create
            </button>
          </div>
        );
      }
    }

    // Renders the 'View Proposals' tab content
    function renderViewProposalsTab() {
      if (loading) {
        return (
          <div className={styles.description}>
            Loading... Waiting for transaction...
          </div>
        );
      } else if (proposals.length === 0) {
        return (
          <div className={styles.description}>
            No proposals have been created
          </div>
        );
      } else {
        return (
          <div>
            {proposals.map((p, index) => (
              <div key={index} className={styles.proposalCard}>
                <p>Proposal ID: {p.proposalId}</p>
                <p>Fake NFT to Purchase: {p.nftTokenId}</p>
                <p>Deadline: {p.deadline.toLocaleString()}</p>
                <p>Yay Votes: {p.yayVotes}</p>
                <p>Nay Votes: {p.nayVotes}</p>
                <p>Executed?: {p.executed.toString()}</p>
                {p.deadline.getTime() > Date.now() && !p.executed ? (
                  <div className={styles.flex}>
                    <button
                      className={styles.button2}
                      onClick={() => voteOnProposal(p.proposalId, "YAY")}
                    >
                      Vote YAY
                    </button>
                    <button
                      className={styles.button2}
                      onClick={() => voteOnProposal(p.proposalId, "NAY")}
                    >
                      Vote NAY
                    </button>
                  </div>
                ) : p.deadline.getTime() < Date.now() && !p.executed ? (
                  <div className={styles.flex}>
                    <button
                      className={styles.button2}
                      onClick={() => executeProposal(p.proposalId)}
                    >
                      Execute Proposal{" "}
                      {p.yayVotes > p.nayVotes ? "(YAY)" : "(NAY)"}
                    </button>
                  </div>
                ) : (
                  <div className={styles.description}>Proposal Executed</div>
                )}
              </div>
            ))}
          </div>
        );
      }
    }

    return (
      <div>
        <Head>
          <title>CryptoDevs DAO</title>
          <meta name="description" content="CryptoDevs DAO" />
          <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" />
        </Head>

        <div className={styles.main}>
          <div>
            <h1 className={styles.title}>Welcome to Crypto Devs!</h1>
            <div className={styles.description}>Welcome to the DAO!</div>
            <div className={styles.description}>
              Your CryptoDevs NFT Balance: {nftBalance}
              <br />
              Treasury Balance: {formatEther(treasuryBalance)} ETH
              <br />
              Total Number of Proposals: {numProposals}
            </div>
            <div className={styles.flex}>
              <button
                className={styles.button}
                onClick={() => setSelectedTab("Create Proposal")}
              >
                Create Proposal
              </button>
              <button
                className={styles.button}
                onClick={() => setSelectedTab("View Proposals")}
              >
                View Proposals
              </button>
            </div>
            {renderTabs()}
          </div>
          <div>
            <img className={styles.image} src="/cryptodevs/0.svg" />
          </div>
        </div>

        <footer className={styles.footer}>
          Made with &#10084; by Crypto Devs
        </footer>
      </div>
    );
  }

Let's run it! In your terminal, from the my-app directory, execute:

  npm run dev

to see your website in action. It should look like the screenshot at the beginning of this tutorial.

Congratulations! Your CryptoDevs DAO website should now be working.

Testing

Create a couple of proposals
Try voting YAY on one, and NAY on the other
Wait for 5 minutes for their deadlines to pass
Execute both of them.
Watch the balance of the DAO Treasury go down by 0.1 ETH due to the proposal which passed as it bought an NFT upon execution.

Push to Github

Make sure to push all this code to Github before proceeding to the next step.

Website Deployment

What good is a website if you cannot share it with others? Let's work on deploying your dApp to the world so you can share it with all your LearnWeb3DAO frens.

Go to Vercel Dashboard and sign in with your GitHub account.
Click on the New Project button and select your DAO-Tutorial repo.
When configuring your new project, Vercel will allow you to customize your Root Directory
Since our Next.js application is within a subfolder of the repo, we need to modify it.
Click Edit next to Root Directory and set it to my-app.
Select the framework as Next.js
Click Deploy

Now you can see your deployed website by going to your Vercel Dashboard, selecting your project, and copying the domain from there!

CONGRATULATIONS! You're all done!

Hopefully you enjoyed this tutorial. Don't forget to share your DAO website in the #showcase channel on Discord :D

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