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Njeri Kimaru
Njeri Kimaru

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PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS

Parametric Tests

Assume your data follows a specific distribution — usually a normal distribution (bell-shaped curve).

Key assumptions:

  • The data is normally distributed

  • The sample size is large enough

  • Data is measured on interval or ratio scale

  • Homogeneity of variance (similar spread in groups)

Examples:

  • t-test -- Compare means between 2 groups
  • ANOVA -- Compare means across 3+ groups
  • Pearson correlation -- Relationship between two variables
  • Linear regression -- Predicting outcomes based on predictors

Non-Parametric Tests

Don’t assume any specific distribution of data. These are more flexible, especially for:

  • Skewed data

  • Ordinal data

  • Small sample sizes

Examples:

  • Mann–Whitney U test -- Non-parametric alternative to t-test
  • Kruskal–Wallis test -- Alternative to ANOVA
  • Wilcoxon signed-rank -- Paired samples (like paired t-test)
  • Spearman correlation -- Non-parametric correlation
  • Chi-square test Categorical data (e.g., frequencies)


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