Code navigation - one of the basic techniques required for code comprehension. For example, you want to understand how some piece of code works, you need to understand how each function (or class, or subroutine, etc) works, to do this you can jump to the definition of each function and read source (or read the documentation if it is a built-in function).
Text search
Most universal approach. I use it if everything else fails.
Pros
Works for everything: code, comments, non-code files (for example, translation files).
Cons
A big number of false positives, for example, you want to find a variable, but it will match the text in comments, keywords, name of functions, classes, text in strings, variables with a similar name, etc.
When fails
Metaprogramming may break search, for example, you may find nothing in the codebase for rails magic methods, like dynamic find_by_* finders, and the dynamic *_path URL path generators.
"Smart" code. For example, you want to find the translation key page.component.header, but it is written as
const t = (key) => i18n.t("page.component." + key);
t("header");
or for example, the translation file looks like this:
{
"page": {
"component": {
"header": "Title"
}
}
}
or for example, you search for some text, but the code looks like this:
print("long bla-bla ... some " + "text ... more bla-bla");
See also: Too DRY - The Grep Test.
ctags
The ctags and etags programs generate an index (or "tag") file for a variety of language objects found in source files. This tag file allows these items to be quickly and easily located by a text editor or other utilities.
-- MAN ctags
A technique similar to text search, except it, is aware of syntax, so you can search for name and kind of identifier. For example, for C language following kinds defined: "macro", "function", "variable", "typedef", etc.
Pros
Less false positives, compared to text search. But there are still false positives, for examples, it will find similarly named variables in different scopes:
const fn1 = (x) => {
console.log(x);
};
const fn2 = (x) => {
console.log(x);
};
When fails
Metaprogramming and "smart" code (see text search section).
Find all references
aka find all usages
Basically a fancy ctags. Quickly see all the places that use a class, method, variable, or similar. Kind of the opposite of Go to definition.
Gives less false positives in languages with explicit imports and languages with static types.
When fails
Metaprogramming (see text search section).
Go to definition
aka go to declaration
In some IDEs this function is activated by Cmd/Ctrl + click. This technique fully relies on syntax. It will find the exact variable definition in the given scope.
Pros
No false positives. When there is no way to trace the source of the item, the system will fallback to a ctags-like approach (in this case false positives are possible).
Easy to jump to the origin through many variable and function calls ("chain" of assingments and calls), for example, it would be trivial to get from y to f1:
const f1 = () => {};
// a lot of code
const x = f1();
// a lot of code
const y = x + 1;
// a lot of code
fn2(y);
Cons
Navigates only in one direction (from bottom to top).
Will miss reassignments:
let x = 1;
// a lot of code
x = 2;
// even more code
fn(x);
When fails
Metaprogramming (see text search section).
May fail (fallback to ctags-like approach) for programming languages without explicit imports, for example, Rails project.
May fail (fallback to ctags-like approach) for programming languages with redeclarations, for example, classes in CSS or interfaces in TypeScript.
Callbacks (and any other function arguments) will break the chain. After this, you will need to use Find all references (or ctags or text search) to get places where function used and trace the desired value from there.
Go To Implementation
Using Go To Implementation, you can navigate from a base class or type to its implementations. Useful for OOP languages or statically typed languages. Most likely will work only with statically typed languages.
Go To Base
Using Go To Base, you can navigate up the inheritance chain of the selected element. Useful only for OOP languages. Most likely will work only with statically typed languages.
Type search
Ability to find variables and functions by type signature, for example, hoogle.
Pros
May help in case of a broken chain (when go to definition fails).
Cons
Only works with statically typed languages.
In the case of basic types (string, number, etc.) is useless, but will work for more unique types, like functions and object signatures.
Go to file, line, column
Go to file (Cmd/Ctrl + P in some IDEs) useful when you know which file you need, for example, when there is code convention, like in Rails. Or for example, you are in file Component.js and you want to go to the corresponding test file, you can easily do this if there is a code convention - Component.test.js.
Go to file as URI scheme, like some/file.js:30:10. For example, when you see an exception stack trace in the browser you can go to this code place in IDE by clicking it. It also can work in terminal (console).
Go back, go forward
This approach is similar to browser history behavior, but instead of web-pages it jumps between cursor positions.
When you jump between files or position in a big file, for example with Go to definition or Go to file, it is useful to jump back to the previous place where you came from.
Bookmarks
One more technique inspired by browsers. Useful when you need to jump around (back and forth) some code places many times.
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