Web workers are magical. They allow for multi-threading in JavaScript, a language that has been single-threaded since the beginning. Their practical applications range from heavy number crunching to managing the retrieval and dissemination of asynchronous data, to loading images (as I'll discuss in this article).
I'm actually preparing for an upcoming talk about web workers, and according to a good friend of mine...
Of course Trezy's talk is about web workers. If he wasn't already married to Meg, the man would marry a web worker.
— @xlexious
I mean, I suppose I like them a bit. WHAT OF IT‽
Why would we want to load images with web workers?
Moving image loading off of the UI thread and into a worker is a really great opportunity for image-heavy sites and one of my favorite web worker implementations. It prevents image downloads from blocking rendering and it can speed up your site significantly.
Fun fact: <img> tags actually block your application load. If you have 100 images on your page, the browser will download all 100 of them before it renders your page.
Let's talk a little bit about implementing web workers in a couple of different environments.
The standard, vanilla implementation
To start a web worker in your average JavaScript app, you need to have it in its own file. Let's assume that we're working on my website, https://trezy.com. We'll name our worker file image-loader.worker.js and it'll be available at https://trezy.com/workers/image-loader.worker.js.
We'll start with a very simple web worker that will log out whatever data it receives:
/*
* image-loader.worker.js
*/
// The `message` event is fired in a web worker any time `worker.postMessage(<data>)` is called.
// `event.data` represents the data being passed into a worker via `worker.postMessage(<data>)`.
self.addEventListener('message', event => {
console.log('Worker received:', event.data)
})
To start using it in our main JavaScript file, we'll do something like this:
/*
* main.js
*/
const ImageLoaderWorker = new Worker('/workers/image-loader.worker.js')
ImageLoaderWorker.postMessage('Hello world!')
If we load all of this up, we should see Hello world! in the console.
🎉 Woot! 🥳
Let's Get Into It
Step 1: Update your markup
With your worker implementation all figured out, we can now start implementing our image loader. I'll start with the HTML that we're going to plan on working from:
<body>
<img data-src="/images/image1.png">
<img data-src="/images/image2.png">
<img data-src="/images/image3.png">
<img data-src="/images/image4.png">
<img data-src="/images/image5.png">
</body>
Uuuuuuuh, hang on. That's not what
<img>tags look like!
— You, just now.
Very astute observation, you! Normally you would use the src property of an <img> element to tell it where to download the image file from, but here we're using data-src. This is because when the browser encounters an <img> element with a src attribute, it will immediately start downloading the image. Since we want that job to be offloaded to our web worker, we're using data-src to prevent the browser from handling the download on the UI thread.
Step 2: Pass the image URLs to our web worker
In our main.js file, we'll need to retrieve all of the relevant <img> elements so we can pass their URLs to our web worker:
/*
* main.js
*/
// Load up the web worker
const ImageLoaderWorker = new Worker('/workers/image-loader.worker.js')
// Get all of the `<img>` elements that have a `data-src` property
const imgElements = document.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]')
// Loop over the image elements and pass their URLs to the web worker
imgElements.forEach(imageElement => {
const imageURL = imageElement.getAttribute('data-src')
ImageLoaderWorker.postMessage(imageURL)
})
Step 3: Download the images
Excellent! Now that our web worker has received a bunch of image URLs, let's figure out how to process them. This gets a bit complex in web workers for a couple of reasons:
You don't have access to the DOM API. A lot of non-web worker image downloader implementations create a new image element and set the
srcattribute on it, initiating the download, then replace the original<img>with the new one. This won't work for us because there's no way to create DOM elements inside of a web worker.Images don't have a native JavasScript format. Images are made up of binary data, so we need to convert that data into something that we can use in JavaScript.
You can only communicate with the UI thread using strings.I've been corrected. This was the case in the days of yore, but no longer! 😁
So how can we get the image downloaded, converted from binary format to something JavaScript can use, and then passed back to the UI thread? This is where fetch and the FileReader API come in.
fetch is for more than just JSON
You're probably used to seeing fetch used to grab data from some API, then calling response.json() to get the JSON body of the response as an object. However, .json() isn't the only option here. There's also .text(), .formData(), .arrayBuffer(), and the one that matters to us for this exercise, .blob().
A Blob can be used to represent virtually anything, including data that doesn't have a native JavaScript format like images! They're perfect for what we're trying to do here. With that in mind, let's update our web worker to receive the image URLs and download them as Blobs:
/*
* image-loader.worker.js
*/
// I'm making the event handler `async` to make my life easier. If
// you're not compiling your code, you may want to use the Promise-based
// API of `fetch`
self.addEventListener('message', async event => {
// Grab the imageURL from the event - we'll use this both to download
// the image and to identify which image elements to update back in the
// UI thread
const imageURL = event.data
// First, we'll fetch the image file
const response = await fetch(imageURL)
// Once the file has been fetched, we'll convert it to a `Blob`
const fileBlob = await response.blob()
})
Alright, we're making progress! We've updated our images so they don't download automatically, we've grabbed their URLs and passed them to the worker, and we've downloaded the images to the browser!
Step 4: Return the image data to the UI thread
Now that we've got the image as a blob, we need to send it back to the UI thread to be rendered. If we send the string back alone then the UI thread won't know where to render it. Instead, we'll send back an object that tells the UI thread what to render and where:
/*
* image-loader.worker.js
*/
self.addEventListener('message', async event => {
const imageURL = event.data
const response = await fetch(imageURL)
const blob = await response.blob()
// Send the image data to the UI thread!
self.postMessage({
imageURL: imageURL,
blob: blob,
})
})
Our worker file is done! The final step is to handle what we've received in the UI thread.
Step 6: Render that image!
We're so close to being finished! The last thing we need to do is update our main.js file to receive and handle the image data that's returned from the web worker.
/*
* main.js
*/
const ImageLoaderWorker = new Worker('/workers/image-loader.worker.js')
const imgElements = document.querySelectorAll('img[data-src]')
// Once again, it's possible that messages could be returned before the
// listener is attached, so we need to attach the listener before we pass
// image URLs to the web worker
ImageLoaderWorker.addEventListener('message', event => {
// Grab the message data from the event
const imageData = event.data
// Get the original element for this image
const imageElement = document.querySelectorAll(`img[data-src='${imageData.imageURL}']`)
// We can use the `Blob` as an image source! We just need to convert it
// to an object URL first
const objectURL = URL.createObjectURL(imageData.blob)
// Once the image is loaded, we'll want to do some extra cleanup
imageElement.onload = () => {
// Let's remove the original `data-src` attribute to make sure we don't
// accidentally pass this image to the worker again in the future
imageElement.removeAttribute(‘data-src’)
// We'll also revoke the object URL now that it's been used to prevent the
// browser from maintaining unnecessary references
URL.revokeObjectURL(objectURL)
}
imageElement.setAttribute('src', objectURL)
})
imgElements.forEach(imageElement => {
const imageURL = imageElement.getAttribute('data-src')
ImageLoaderWorker.postMessage(imageURL)
})
Check out the Codepen demo with everything working together:
BONUS: Implementing web workers with Webpack
If you're using Webpack to compile all of your code, there's another nifty option to load up your web workers: worker-loader. This loader allows you to import your web worker into a file and initialize it as if it were a regular class.
I think it feels a little more natural this way, too. Without changing the content of image-loader.worker.js, this is what an implementation would look like if you have worker-loader set up in your Webpack config:
/*
* main.js
*/
import ImageLoaderWorker from './workers/image-loader.worker.js'
const imageLoader = new ImageLoaderWorker
imageLoader.postMessage('Hello world!')
Just as in our vanilla implementation, we should see Hello world! logged out in the console.
Conclusion
And we're done! Offloading image downloading to web workers is a great exercise in using several different browser APIs, but more importantly, it's an awesome way to speed up your website rendering.
Make sure to drop off your questions and suggestions in the comments below. Tell me your favorite web worker uses, and most importantly, let me know if I missed something awesome in my examples.
Updates
13 November, 2019
- Added the
URL.revokeObjectURL(objectURL)call based on @monochromer's comment. - Fixed several typos.
Top comments (18)
Hello, thanks for the tutorial. I'm looking for ways to dynamically update the image URL in the document's head. Specifically, a meta tag using the OpenGraph protocol
Is this something that a Web Worker could do?
Unfortunately, no. Web Workers can't access the DOM to make changes. You'd need to do that from the UI thread.
Don't forget about
URL.revokeObjectURL(objectURL)This techinque can be used as polyfill for
imageElement.decode()That's a great callout, @monochromer ! I updated the article with that piece of information. 🥰
Hi Trez, thank you for the article..
Correct me if i'm wrong, in Step 6 you write this,
but the images never showing. instead i have the error message inside console
setAttribute() is not a function ...after change into this one, the errors gone and images showing. :)If you have a time please update the sample code, for future reader,
Again thank you for the article.
Thank you, great read. However, this is incorrect.
<img>tags delay your PageLoad event but do not block rendering.What's the point of this? Doesn't the browsers already decode the images in a separate thread?
Browsers decode the image separately, yes, but they don't load the images separately. While images are being downloaded they're blocking the UI thread and preventing anything else from being rendered until the image is done downloading. The upside of this approach is that if you have some massive 10k image to load, the rest of your UI can be rendered while the web worker handles the heavy lift of downloading the image.
It's the same reason that you move
<script>tags to the bottom of the<body>or mark asasync. The download of those scripts will block your UI rendering, so you want to delay them as long as possible, or mark them for async download.Your claims are false.
They demonstrate two things: a) you haven't looked at the source code; b) you haven't actually tested your claims.
Image loading does not block rendering. It's as simple as that. If they do block anything, they block other images from loading.
In short: when the browser has to load more resources than its current limit of concurrent requests (which is 4-6 for most of the common browsers), it does its best at prioritizing based on resource type and its position in page (it will always try to render the elements currently on screen first (and it's not always the "above the fold": if you're scrolled down and refresh, it will actually prioritize the elements visible at exactly your current scroll). The main point is that images are almost in all cases the last in the list of priorities. So, if image loading does block something, it blocks other images from loading).
But they don't block rendering or JavaScript execution. Ever.
So why not just use some lazy loading technique?
Well, this is essentially lazy loading. The difference between this and traditional lazy loading techniques is that it takes work off of the UI thread and loads the images in parallel, whereas traditionally you would wait until the UI has loaded, then set the
srcattribute on theimgtags so they use the typical browser loading methods. It's the difference between loading your UI and images at the same time, versus loading your UI first, then your images after.Hello, thanks for the tutorial. I'm looking for ways to dynamically update the image URL in the document's head. Specifically, a meta tag using the OpenGraph protocol
Is this something that a Web Worker could do?
Thanks for the article! Do you happen to know what browser specifics caused performance problems when you don't load images with web workers?
Take lazy loading images as an example. Downloading images isn't render blocking. However, without lazy loading, FMP and/or TTI for the site I work on was 2-3 seconds greater on a normal connection.
I'm not sure which steps (decoding/resizing/rasterization) happen off vs. on thread. So, overall I'm still figuring out what browser specifics are blocking/causing performance problems...
developers.google.com/web/fundamen...
Hello! Great work!
Please, can you explain me, how blob-urls cooperate with caching? For every page load images will be retrieving from cache, or bypass it and download from web instead?
This was very helpful. Tbank you
Its amazing tutorial.
I was just having issue with image loading in my smart tv app.
In smart tv app, had to show many images in one page, but it was so slow.
I also tried with javascript lazyload event, but when there are many images to load, the key event(when user fast up/down keys), it was also slow.
I think web worker can solve this issue.
Thanks for good tutorial.
hi, i m interesting to learn something new about web worker, i just wonder to know, how about load img and data in same time, i mean if we have service and that service work every 1 second to fetch data and also load img from path (source path get from fetch data), if you have time please anwers my question sir, thanks a lot. regards from indonesia.