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Ben Halpern
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Which mainstream programming language has the ugliest syntax?

Regardless of the language's usefulness, which language fails the beauty contest the worst?

Top comments (232)

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david_j_eddy profile image
David J Eddy

Does BASH count? :|

if [! -d './directory']; then
  echo 'nope'
else
  echo 'yep'
fi
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:|

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vorakl profile image
vorakl • Edited

Sorry but it's ugly only because it's wrong (there should have been additional spaces before and after square brackets) ;)

The BASH is powerful and its syntax allows to write easy to read code. It just needs some rules to follow. For instance, there can be found a quite good Shell Style Guide from Google

In this particular example, it could be written even simpler

[[ -d directory ]] && echo yep || echo nope
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joseprl89 profile image
Josep

that is even harder to read

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sent2null profile image
David Saintloth • Edited

That's the funny thing about these questions (and variations of them can be found in developer forums going back to the early 80's and usenet groups) they are highly subjective.

This should not be surprising as language to large degree encapsulates methods of thinking and psychologists and linguists will tell you quickly that there are vastly many different ways of thinking.

The fluidity of spoken languages ability to relay information comes not from their terseness it comes from their interpretability.

Programming languages are syntactically terse means of conveying information about how to shift bits in low level computer memory cores which in their abstractions from that low level task must necessarily replicate the possible interpretability of the syntax and that will vary with the mode of thinking of the reader. It's a paradox of information transfer between beings with vastly different ways of thinking about the particular ingredients of language revealing itself.

To me, a person who prefers syntax that is explicit over implicit the first version looks more interpretable than the second (my main criteria for this are two fold, a) my personal preference and b) how I think most other engineers would think about it and in particular to ensure that as many as possible would have as little effort as possible in capturing the meaning of the code )

Everything beyond that is subjective bickering....

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david_j_eddy profile image
David J Eddy

That is going to be very helpful! Thank you.

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dserodio profile image
Daniel Serodio

IMHO the worst bash quirk is not being able to put whitespace around the assignment operator, ie.:


foo = bar # syntax error
foo=bar # works as expected

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moopet profile image
Ben Sinclair

*cough* set -o to turn an option on and set +o to turn it off *cough*

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ben profile image
Ben Halpern

Bash counts!

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casperbraske profile image
Luis

It's beautiful, IMO. <3

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elmuerte profile image
Michiel Hendriks

That would be Bourne Shell's fault, not BASH.

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erikthered profile image
Erik Nelson • Edited

Java's verbosity gets old pretty fast. Especially after seeing what's possible with other JVM languages.

Kotlin is a joy to use, in part because of how expressive yet succinct it is. Going back and forth between the two makes Java's flaws much more visible, unfortunately.

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tobias_salzmann profile image
Tobias Salzmann

Java Syntax has the weird ability to direct the attention to the less important parts of the code first.

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nektro profile image
Meghan (she/her)

To each his own haha, I love Java for how verbose it is and really dislike Kotlin. Operator overrides are a really neat idea but I can't get over the fun/func craze of using it instead of just saying function. Swift, Go, Rust, they all do it.

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hrmny profile image
Leah

What's the benefit of typing out function?

There is none, it just adds more characters

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chrisvasqm profile image
Christian Vasquez • Edited

Then we should use f because "un" would just add a few more characters πŸ€”.

I think there's a fine line between short and too short.

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alainvanhout profile image
Alain Van Hout

There's a reason why we don't all prefer our Shakespeare or our technical documentation in SMS/text speak :).

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juhohame profile image
Juho HΓ€me

Writing code Shakespeare style would be awful.

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awwsmm profile image
Andrew (he/him)

f already stands for function in mathematics:

y = f(x)
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hrmny profile image
Leah

it's just what you start with, the next one would be g(x)

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xtabdeveloping profile image
MΓ‘rton Kardos

Rust goes like: Fn... And I don't think there's anything wrong with writing instead of function, with good syntax highlighting there's barely a difference. I don't think code becomes any more readable by writing longer words. And Java's verbosity doesn't increase the readability at all. "final public static void" Btw you don't even have a function keyword in Java and nobody tends to make a problem of it.

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mojo2012 profile image
Matti

the modifiers are necessary to differentiate non-final private/protected non-static methods with a return type ... it makes total sense πŸ˜…

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chrisvasqm profile image
Christian Vasquez • Edited

I agree with you on the fun part. I've been getting more into JavaScript recently and I can see the use of the full word (function) being better for beginners overall.

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hrmny profile image
Leah

"fun is short for function"

"Oh ok"

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chrisvasqm profile image
Christian Vasquez • Edited

Yeah, but I still haven't seen the first person who doesn't question what fun is the first time they see it.

Sometimes being clear and short don't go hand to hand.

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nektro profile image
Meghan (she/her)

there's a readability factor that I feel is added when you use the whole function. Especially for compiled languages, the "less characters" argument has no weight at all.

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series0ne profile image
series0ne

It’s actually a β€œfewer characters” argument.

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aramix profile image
Aram Bayadyan • Edited

Actually in javascript es6 you don't have to type any word to create a function just () => {} which is the best notation IMHO

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kaydacode profile image
Kim Arnett ο£Ώ

Objective C
Or should I say
[[[[[[[[[objective c]]]]]]]]]]

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

PHP

Oldschool-wise, I can never forgive Pascal it's := operator.

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ben profile image
Ben Halpern

Can you tell me more about the := operator?

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lavigi profile image
eva

In Pascal, a:=33 would assign the value 33 to variable a. The is-equal operator was just =. It was less error prone than what finally stuck, thanks to C and Java ---> = to assign values, == to compare them.

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chainq profile image
KΓ‘roly Balogh

I strongly disagree, with the Pascal remark, but I'm a Pascal lover, so I'm probably biased the other way. I'd say := vs. = is much better and a lot less error prone and ugly than = vs. == let alone === in some languages.

Also := was not even a Pascal invention, but much older. It comes from ALGOL actually, IIRC.

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qm3ster profile image
Mihail Malo

=== and !== look rad in Fira Code

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databasesponge profile image
MetaDave πŸ‡ͺπŸ‡Ί

And there was me thinking it was from ADA ... it's like archaeology, this, just stripping layers away.

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

Historical linguistics is a real discipline in natural languages. I love the analogies between natural languages and computer languages.

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databasesponge profile image
MetaDave πŸ‡ͺπŸ‡Ί

Yes, and there's definitely a "thing" with code quality being correlated to natural readability too.

I come from an ORACLE background originally, and it would drive me insane to see people uppercasing their SQL, like it was an act of kindness to the compiler, and us humans have to suck up the inconvenience. I used to send people photos of major highway direction signs and ask "WHY DO YOU THINK WE DO NOT PUT INFORMATION THAT HAS TO BE QUICKLY ABSORBED IN UPPER CASE? Which do you find easier to read?".

I was also once instructed that all text in a BI system's reports should be in fixed pitch uppercase – got out of it by showing how wide that made every text-heavy report.

TL;DR; People are sometimes quite dumb.

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

All very fair points. I never minded Pascal as a language. Just that assignment operator.

I had forgotten it came from ALGOL.

But you agree PHP is hideous?

:D

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chainq profile image
KΓ‘roly Balogh • Edited

I believe there's worse than PHP, but that alone doesn't make any PHP better for sure. :)

BTW, I always think about replacing : with be and = with equal in my mind when reading Pascal code. So a:=1; is let a be equal 1. Same works with colon elsewhere, for example type definitions like var x: integer; can be read as let var x be integer; ... It makes the whole syntax quite readable for me.

But I'm not a native English speaker, so sorry if this just makes it even worse. :P

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

No, it's a nice thought. It does work, as far as I can remember. Maybe it's what Pascal's creators were thinking.

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michaelgv profile image
Mike

PHP: it’s not a bad syntax, it’s just not what some people like, and they’ve formed opinionated debates over it.

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antjanus profile image
Antonin J. (they/them) • Edited

Especially if you look at more modern PHP. I really like Laravel's code style.

For non-PHP developers, a few syntax niceties:

  1. All variables have a $ prefix. So $post = getPost($id).
  2. Accessing class properties (non-static) is done via an arrow: $request->has('name')
  3. Accessing static properties is done via :: (by far my favorite). Route::get('/api/posts', function() {});

I also like PHP namespacing:

namespace Vendor\Lib\Class;

and accessing the namespace:

use Vendor\Lib\Class;
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ethan profile image
Ethan Stewart

As someone who's used PHP in the past, all of your niceties are among the many reasons I don't care for the language πŸ˜† to each their own though! πŸ€·πŸ»β€β™‚οΈ

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antjanus profile image
Antonin J. (they/them)

Haha, I can understand that. I actually liked the namespacing so much, I wrote a babel plugin that rewrites import paths in JS to work similarly. Not EXACTLY the same, but it's very similar.

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moopet profile image
Ben Sinclair

I really dislike PHP namespacing.

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anasik profile image
Anas Ismail Khan

I agree. There's nothing bad about the syntax. True, the language could be better. There are 99 reasons to dislike PHP but syntax is definitely not one of them.

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jeroendedauw profile image
Jeroen De Dauw

PHP has been my main language for 10 years.

-> instead of . is rather unfortunate. Much harder to type :/

$var instead of var is also not idea if you ask me, though at least not as silly as needing to hit 3 keys.

That does not make the syntax as a whole ugly though.

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

Lol. It helps. :D

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

True enough. The syntax isn't bad as in defective or overly verbose. It does look inelegant to me, though.

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databasesponge profile image
MetaDave πŸ‡ͺπŸ‡Ί

You might have to blame ADA for that.

PL/SQL also uses it – it is very closely related to ADA.

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tiffanywismer profile image
Tiffany Wismer

I personally find JavaScript to be absolutely hideous.

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cutiko profile image
Erick Navarro

Javascript is very close to start looking like a bunch of emojis:
()=> :}

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qm3ster profile image
Mihail Malo

()=> :} isn't a valid span of JS in any non-string context, but there is bound to be a Haskell library that introduces a ()=>:} binary operator/infix function.

(This is a joke, all of ():} are reserved characters)

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dougblackjr profile image
Doug Black

HA! You are 100% right!

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edoxtator profile image
Doc

It's right behind Java, IMHO. It's much easier to read obfusticated C than JS.

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tiffanywismer profile image
Tiffany Wismer

Right, I mean... so many parentheses. I know that's not an aesthetic issue but trying to figure out where everything begins and ends makes my brain cry.

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qm3ster profile image
Mihail Malo

Sounds like you need Bracket Pair Colorizerβ„’

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twobridges profile image
Dean Grande

This is by far the most useful comment I've read here, thanks Mihail

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vintprox profile image
Rodion Borisov

Why would anybody care to read obfuscated code in the first place without the help of formatter? Unless you are developer of bundler...

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ewnx01 profile image
Drunken Dev

Definitely, but there are some small signs to become more handleable.

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nickfazzpdx profile image
Nicholas Fazzolari

Same here.

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chocolim profile image
Choco Lim

Objetive-C have a special place in the darkness places of my heart.

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shaioz profile image
Shai Ohev Zion

"Wait, how many [ do I have? [[[[[ fuck this shit!"

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cbordeman profile image
Chris Bordeman

And yet there are people who insist Objective-C is somehow a great language, ahead of its time. Like Javascript and C++. LOL

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eljayadobe profile image
Eljay-Adobe

[[[alloc Shit] init] intercourseWith:Penguin]]]

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mouvedia profile image
G.

Reminds me of ClojureScript.

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danielkun profile image
Daniel Albuschat

I vote for Objective C as well

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atyborska93 profile image
Angelika Cathor • Edited
private static final OpinionAboutJava opinionAboutJava = OpinionAboutJavaFactory.getOpinionAboutJava("ugh...")
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evanoman profile image
Evan Oman

Explicit is better than implicit, right? Doesn't get more explicit than that :D

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lacanlale profile image
Jonathan Lacanlale • Edited

this is terrifying yet taught as the "standard" for the first two years of every university that starts with java (the beginner language not the uni name LOL) ;_;

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vishnuharidas profile image
Vishnu Haridas
val opinionAboutKotlin = getOpinionAboutKotlin("Aha!")
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dhandspikerwade profile image
Devin Handspiker-Wade • Edited

Unpopular opinion but Python.

Personally find it difficult to read. It's like supposed to be really easy to learn and write but in the process lost any structure in longer file. Other languages based on whitespace like Ruby or Lua have clear endings to blocks. Python just drops out the block without a clear indication.

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mjb2kmn profile image
MN Mark

We're not alone!
I think Python is deceptively ugly, because at first you expect it to be sensible but when you actually try to understand it you find the ugliness in it's whitespace.

At least stuff like Lisp and Objective-C have the courage to show their ugliness loud and proud. (and oh goodness! those are ugly!)

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edoxtator profile image
Doc

I grew up on 6500-family and Z-80 assembler, and I find those very easy to read, despite some of the cramping from the mnemonics and addressing modes.

I wrote a lot RPG for IBM systems during the 80's and 90's. RPG is still (IMHO) the best business language in terms of clean syntax. It's essentially a hopped-up macro assembler language.

Java's syntax has always made my head hurt. It has wayy too many rules and doesn't trust that devs have the capacity for making the right decision.

Python's syntax doesn't cure all of Java's sins, but it has the decided benefit of its syntax not getting in the way of problem solving.

If you follow the guidelines in PEP-008, make good decisions, discuss those decisions openly, respect the analytical capacity of the Programmer of the Future, you can write not just good syntactically clean and readable Python, but code that's maintainable.

These are all big if's I grant you, but I'd rather solve problems and get work done than try to make Java happy.

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dhandspikerwade profile image
Devin Handspiker-Wade

I see the opposite problem. The lack of syntax is a bigger annoyance than how verbose Java is. This is why there are so many different languages; everyone has different opinions on how to solve problems. :)

As someone who has never worked with Python professionally it felt like I was fighting the formatter any time I wanted to quickly jot down temporary code while working through a problem.

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chigix profile image
Richard Lea

The WHITESPACE is exactly the problem.

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wplj profile image
wplj

Lisp, "ugly"? best oxymoron ever.

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faranaiki profile image
Muhammad Faran Aiki

Oxymoron? Best misnorm ever. Oxymoron is when the antonym meets its base word.

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vladinator profile image
Vlady Veselinov • Edited

Absolutely. My pet peeves with it are:

  1. Python lacks punctuation, in the logical sense of the word. If punctuation was an unnecessary lexical tool, people wouldn't use it in English. It helps convey meaning.

  2. Abbreviations. What the hell does "t", "p", "x", "y", "pd", "plt" and "sns" stand for? The community has a horrible notion for naming conventions. The most popular Stack Overflow posts have this style of naming and it's making the language hard to learn.

  3. Underscores. Who decided that this "init" with two sets of double undescores should be one of the things developers write most often? It's not readable.

All of these things make Python hard to understand.

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tterb profile image
Brett Stevenson • Edited

I'm personally a big fan of Python, but I still totally agree with #3. Even though I write python pretty regularly, 95% of the time I just copy and paste the whole:

if __name__ == "__main__":
  main()
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

(copy & pasted)

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vladinator profile image
Vlady Veselinov

Oh yeah, despite complaining so much I still like it overall as a language.

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markcaggiano7 profile image
M.C.

I hate python too. Lack of {} make it difficult to read, debug, write and whitespaces are a nightmare. It is also a nightmare to copy and paste snippets.

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thais profile image
Thais Hamilton

The greatness of Python is proportional to its ugliness

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val_baca profile image
Valentin Baca • Edited

Basically every language that's actually paid my bills (which means I can't hate them too much:

Java:
so much boilerplate private static final void getter arghh
C++:
Ever had<to const<try to > parse> this nonesense const?
Perl:
my $head has @had enough of this %_#&
Obj-C:
Did no one [get theMessage:message] that sometimes you have to actually @Read code?

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twof profile image
Alex Reilly

Obj-C: what if C++ but everything is different just because

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val_baca profile image
Valentin Baca

...and then there's Objective-C++

I want to tell whoever made it: "What did source code ever do to you?!?"

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kspeakman profile image
Kasey Speakman • Edited

I always hate dealing with our VB code base. You thought parenthesis and curly braces were bad, what about a whole statement to terminate a block: End If End Case End For.

Then there is having to continue a multi-line statement with an ending underscore _.

If condition1 And condition2 _
   And condition3 Then

End If
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Then there's Sub vs Func keywords. If I use Sub then later decide I need to return a value, I have to change the keyword to Func in order to do so or it will not compile.

There are probably more I'm not thinking of.

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codemouse92 profile image
Jason C. McDonald

VB.net was my first language, and I have a special hatred of it. (What sort of lunatic thought Dim made even the SLIGHTEST bit of sense for initializing a variable???)

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anasik profile image
Anas Ismail Khan

HAHAHAHA That's literally the first thing all VB.net developers, who generally tend to hate VB.net, say.

Even I was like "Hey what's this Dim.. oh wait, that's a variable being declared."

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kspeakman profile image
Kasey Speakman

I believe Dim is short for dimension. Not sure why the syntax is so array-focused.

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dmfay profile image
Dian Fay

Technically a scalar value is just a special case where an array only has one dimension and one element... I remember it from QBasic in the 90s and apparently it goes back to Fortran.

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codemouse92 profile image
Jason C. McDonald • Edited

True point. Although. technically declaring a value is also called instantiation, but that doesn't make Instant a good keyword for declaring a variable. :-P

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tinsoldier6 profile image
Jason Gade

Dim goes back to VB's BASIC roots. You didn't have to declare most scalar variables, but you had to use 'Dim' to 'Dim'ension arrays.

In some dialects, strings were treated as scalars and didn't require declaration, but other dialects required you to 'Dim' them as arrays.

As was mentioned, it may even go further back to FORTRAN, but that's a bit before my time.

/grognard hat off.

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daniel15 profile image
Daniel Lo Nigro

Be glad ReDim Preserve isn't a thing any more :P

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cbordeman profile image
Chris Bordeman

DIM was short for dimension. In early BASIC forms, it was to declare an array by indicating its size. Later it was repurposed to do any sort of declaration.

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jacoby profile image
Dave Jacoby

Back in the day, I worked on a VB Embedded program but didn't have the devices yet so worked in VB 6. All well before .NET.

When I started to port it over, I found that VB differed. Like, VBe and VB6 had incompatible for loops. Or maybe while. I didn't like VB much either way, but it worked. It's the incompatibility that's ugly to me.

.NET ftw

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ryanhaber profile image
Ryan Haber

I suddenly remembered my very first programming language back in 1989 (?). GW-BASIC. And line numbers.

😐

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cbordeman profile image
Chris Bordeman

GW-BASIC was my very first language, too! :D

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